Before you begin to write a business letter, take a few minutes to think about its two most important elements: the message and the reader. The message is what you are thinking - the idea you want to communicate to your reader, whose mind you want to bring into conformity with your own.
The effective business writer not only uses the language correctly but also makes certain that every letter, every sentence is written from the reader�s point of view. Be psychologically astute: to get your reader�s attention and make a good impression, convey your sincere concern for his situation and your recognition that he is the most important person in the world.Try to establish guidelines for your writing. Many writers find the following four-step process efficient and logical:
Outline: Think before you write. Commit your thoughts to paper. Decide the real purpose of your message. Decide how many paragraphs your letter will contain and what topic sentence will open each of those paragraphs.Write: Write the rough draft all at once, quickly. Do not stop to worry about grammar, usage, or spelling: just get your sentence onto the page.
Revise: Go back over your draft sentence by sentence. Look for major mechanical errors; look for anything that might confuse your reader. Improve every sentence: delete unnecessary phrases; tighten up paragraphs.Proofread: Carefully read your final draft to catch any overlooked minor errors. Your proofreading will be most effective if you can put your letter aside overnight and approach it with fresh eyes the next day.
A business letter should have an introduction development - conclusion structure.The introduction will provide the background information to the letter. This may be a reference to a previous communication:
- Thank you for your letter of 12. 04. 99.- With reference to your application for the post of secretary with our company ...
- Following our telephone conversation yesterday, ... or it may be a description of the background events that prompted the letter:- Our representative, Mr. Humphries, has informed me that you are interested in our range of word processing equipment.
In general, the introduction should make it clear why the letter is being written.The development, like the development of a report or memo, should present a logical, organized discussion of the facts.
The conclusion should make it clear what follow-up action is necessary or possible:- I hope you will not hesitate to contact me if you require any further information.
- I look forward to receiving your confirmation of this appointment.- I should be grateful if you could ensure that this mistake does not occur again.
If no follow-up action is required, a polite closing phrase may be used:- I hope these arrangements are to your satisfaction.
- I look forward to meeting you again in the future.The types of business letters are these:
Personal Business Letter.Informal Business Letter.
Letter of Inquiry (Request).Offer (Proposal Letter).
Order.Reminder.
Letter of Refusal.Letter of Persuasion.
Letter of Complaint.Replying to Complaint.
Letter of Apology.Sales Letters.
Advertising.Letter of Credit.
Granting Credit.Requesting Credit.
Asking for an Extension of Credit.Making and Acknowledging Payments.
Complaining (about accounts).Complaining about an error on an invoice.
The Letter of Application.ACTIVE VOCABULARY
inherently message conformity in conformity with astute guideline outline to delete phrase to tighten up paragraph proofread proofreader description books of every description |
����������, �������� �����������, ����, ��������� ���������� ����� � ... ����������� �������� �����, ������ �����, �����, ���� ������������ ����� �������� ����� ������ ������, ������ ��������� �������� ���� ����-�� ������ |
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
We would ask you to let us have a quotation for ...
|
�������� ���, ���� �����, ��� �������� �� ... |
Would you kindly quote your prices and terms of delivery (terms of payment, etc.) for ...
|
�� �� ����� � �� ���������� ��� ���� � ����� ���������� (������, ����). |
We usually effect payment by letter of credit (check, bank transfer, etc.). |
�� �������� ��������� ������ ������ �������� ���������� (�����, ��������� ����). |
Do not hesitate to place an order with us.
|
��������� ���������� � ���.
|
Before we consider placing an order, we would like to know�
|
����� ��� �� ��������� ����������, �� ����� � ����� ... |
We would like to have a trial of the items mentioned.
|
�� ����� � �������� ������������ �������� ������. |
We acknowledge receipt of your letter dated 7 July.
|
ϳ���������� ��������� ������ ����� �� 7 �����. |
We can forward samples of all our articles on request. |
�� ���� ������ �� ������ ���������� ������ ��� ����� ������. |
The enclosed leaflet will supply full particulars.
|
� ������ �������� ������ �� �����. |
I call your attention especially on item ...
|
� �������� ������� ���� ����� �� ������� ... |
The price covers packing and transportation expenses.
|
ֳ�� ������ ��������� � ���������� �������. |
We should be much obliged if you could enquire as to ...
|
���� � ��� �����, ���� �� ��������...
|
Payment with order by banker�s draft or check on a UK bank.
|
������ �� ���������� �� ��������� ��������� ������ ��� ���� � ���������� ����. |
Payment is being made by banker�s draft in settlement of your invoice for $ 500.
|
������ ���� �������� ����������� �������� ��� �������� ������ �������-������� �� 500 ������.
|
Please draw $ 500 on us at 90 day�s sight. |
��������, ���� �����, ��� ������� �� 500 ������ � ������� ������ �������� 90 ���. |
According to our conditions of sale, your remittance was due on March 10.
|
����� � ������� ���� �����, ��� ������� ������� ��� ������ 10 �������. |
Would you allow us to postpone settlement of your account?
|
������� ��������� ��� ����� � �� � �� ������� �� ����� ����� � ���. |
Please send us half of the amount by return, and sign the enclosed acceptance for the remainder. |
���� �����, �������� ��� �������� ���� � �������� ��������� ������ �� �������. |
We trust you will settle the reminder by paying in monthly installments. |
�� ����������, �� �� ������� ������� ������ ������ �� � ���� � ��� ������.
|
Credit should be restricted to $20.000 in any one month.
|
��������� �������� ������ �� 20000 ������ �� �����.
|
Accounts have lately become overdue.
|
������� ����� ������� ������ �� ����� �� ����������.
|
We strongly advise you against granting ...
|
����������� ����������� ��� �� ������������ ...
|
Please draw on us for the amount of your invoice.
|
��������, ���� �����, ��� ���� � �� �� ���� ������ �������-�������.
|
Our acceptances will be honored on presentation at the bank. |
���� ������� ������ ������� �� ��� ����������� � ����.
|
On receipt of your remittance we will forward your order.
|
ϳ��� ��������� ������ �������� �� ��������� ���� ����������.
|
We enclose our pro forma invoice which includes all costs to ...
A quarterly statement of account is sent to all customers. |
������ ��� ���������� �������, � ���� ������ �� ������� �� ...
������������� ����� � ������� ����������� ��� �볺����. |
COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. How should your letters sound?2. How can you achieve in your letter the effect that the reader knows someone from your company?
3. What is the message as one of the important element of the business letter?4. Why should you be psychologically astute while writing a business letter?
5. What is the method for writing any letter?6. How can you organize the information of your letter?
EVALUATION EXERCISE
The Sales Manager of International Computer Services plc has two Administrative Assistants who both frequently write letters which are sent out under the Sales Manager�s signature. One morning he finds two letters on his desk waiting to be signed and sent to the post room.After reading the two letters, each of which was written by one of his assistants, he signs one and sends it off. The second he refuses to sing and sends it back to the writer for revision.
The two letters are given below. Which one do you think he refused to sign, and why?TEXT 1
International Computer Services PLS
136 Bolton Road, Newbury, BerksMr. David Green Our Ref: BT/2
British Tourism plc Your Ref:
Tuesday 24 Mar.Dear Mr. David Green,
Thank you for your letter of 20.1.99 requesting a demonstration of our product model SLX/34.
I have arranged for one of our representatives to visit you, as requested, on 10. 03. 99 at 2p. m.
In the meantime, should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Yours sincerely.
TEXT 2
International Computer Services PLC136 Bolton Road, Newbury, Berks
Our Ref: MT/1Your Ref:
Ms. Helen Rees,
Administrative Manager,Minitours plc,
302 Noms Road,Reading,
Berks. 24th March 1999Dear Ms Rees,
Our representative, Mr. Humphries, has informed me that you are interested in our range of word processing equipment.
I am enclosing our current catalogue. In particular, I would draw your attention to model SLX/34.Should you require a demonstration of this or any other of our products, we will send one of our representatives to visit you when we could discuss your exact requirements.
I hope that you will not hesitate to contact me again if you require any further information, or if you wish to arrange a convenient time for a demonstration of our product.Yours sincerely,
John Adams
Sales Manager
Compare the layouts of Text 1 and 2. Notice how 1 follows the diagram below, Text 2 does not. Notice however, that the layout of Text 1 is not the only possible layout for business letters in English. Many companies have their own individual systems and in particular the position of the references, date and receiver�s address may vary.
|
1 Company name |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
2 References |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3 Receiver (or below)
|
|
|
|||||
4 Date |
|||||||
|
|
||||||
5 Salutation |
|
|
|||||
(Indentation ) 6 |
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
7 Close |
|
|||||
|
|
|
|||||
8 Name and Title |
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3 Receiver (or above)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
9 Enc (s) |
|
DISCUSSION
The letter which the sales Manager refused to sign was Text 2, which completely ignored the usual conventions of layout for business letters in English.NOTES
� References are normally given using the abbreviations Our ref. and Your ref.
� With an indented layout, dates are given thus: 2nd May 1999/10th March 1999, etc.� Salutations are used as follows:
- to a company Dear Sirs,- to a person whose name you know Dear Mr. Brown, /Dear Ms. Rees, / Dear Dr. Davies,
- to an individual in an organization (e.g. Personnel Manager) whose name you don�t know Dear Sir or Madam,- to a friend Dear Helen, Dear John,
� Note the following relationships between the salutation and the close:
� �Enc (s)� is the abbreviation for Enclosure(s).
EXERCISES
Ex. 1Write sentences as directed.
1. Politely remind your customers of the following:a) their January account has not been settled. (K)
b) your terms are 60 days from receipt of statement.c) that their last two accounts have not been settled yet.
d) the specifications have already been agreed.e) full payment must be made within 30 days of receipt of the goods.
2. Express the following conditions for disregarding reminders (or letters):
a) sent the check during the last week. (K)b) settled the account in the last six days.
c) sent the information during the last week.d) sent the check in the last few days.
e) settled the account since this reminder was written. (K)Ex. 2
Match sentences (a) - (d) together with sentences (e) - (h) to make four separate complaints.a) Unfortunately, one of the machines you sent us was damaged.
b) Unfortunately, we have not yet received your payment.c) Unfortunately, your driver took the goods to the wrong place.
d) Unfortunately, you forgot to mention the cost of your products.e) Please could you send us your check before 30 June.
f) We would be grateful if you could send us a replacement.g) We would appreciate it if you could collect them and bring them to our offices.
h) Please could you send your price list as soon as possible.Ex. 3
What would you write in these situations? In each case, decide what action you want the company or organization to take. Follow the example.a) A company has sent you a bill for the wrong goods.
b) Unfortunately you sent us a bill for the wrong goods. Please could you send us a correct bill as soon as possible.c) Your new photocopier has broken down. You have to write to the company who sold it to you.
d) A temporary secretary does not speak English. You have to write to the agency who sent her to you.e) You keep receiving letters for someone else. You have to write to the post office.
Ex. 4The following letters contain mistakes in layout, style, sentence construction, spelling, content. Rewrite and improve them.
Mr. David Hicks27 Brownlee Road
CatfordLondon SE6 4PH
our ref: MM/ob Your ref: DH/as date: Milan,
29 February 1999Dear Mr. Hicks
Thank you for your letter of 20 February with your check of 20.
I am afraid but your check is wrong. In fact the date is 20 February 1999 and we can not cash it.
Enclosed I send you it so you can change the date.
About the book that you have asked, I am terribly sorry that you must wait for one month. It is reprinting now and we shall send you ready. The exact title of this book is �The Golden Horses of San Marco�.
I hope to receive your correct check as soon as possible.Thanks.
Yours faithfully
Anne Meroni.
Brian Davis
Brown Secretarial College13 Avebury Lane, Inskip
LANCS PL4 2 EBLancs. 23th March, 1999
Dear Mr. Spencer
Referring to your letter of 15th March, I am very happy to give Alison Bennett a reference for the job as secretary.
She is a quick typist, a good shorthand-writer, she is intelligent, very careful and also efficient in her work.
I can certainly recommend her for your job.
Yours sincerely(Brian Davis)
Principal
Ex. 5These two letters are all mixed up. Put the sentences in the right order. Each letter has three separate main parts.
1.Mrs. S Weinburger 12 December 1999
ABC Business Consultants1911 N Formosa Avenue
Los AngelesCalifornia USA
Dear Mrs Weinburger
a) Please give my regards to Steven Hill.
b) It was interesting to hear your views on our new products.c) I would be very grateful, therefore, if you could send me a list of agents - perhaps from the yellow pages.
d) As you know, our company is planning to open a branch in Los Angeles.e) I was wondering if you could help me.
f) It was a pleasure to meet you at the Trade fair last month.j) We are now looking for office space in the town center and we need to know the names and addresses of some property agents.
With best wishes,
Hans Seitz
Divisional Director2.
Ms. F Soares 15 October 1999
Rua J Falcao 20-74001 Porto
PortugalDear Ms. Soares
a) I am afraid that I have some bad news.
b) Thank you very much for your letter.c) I hope that this does not inconvenience you in any way.
d) I hope that you have completely recovered now.e) Due to unforeseen problems, we are unable to deliver your order on time.
f) Please give my regards to Mr. Segall.g) We expect to be back to normal by the end of this month, so I am sure that you will receive the goods within three weeks.
h) I was sorry to hear that you have been ill recently.Kind regards
Ke Soon Lee
Overseas Sales Dept
Ex. 6
How would you write the receiver�s address, the salutation and the close in the following situations?1. You are writing to the Chief Training Officer of a company called Newmark and Grayson Chemicals. They are based at 30-32, Dunmow Lane, London Ec11.
2. You are writing to Ann Baines, who works in the Accounts Department of a company called Taylor and Johnson. Their offices are at 76 Davies Street, Liverpool 8.3. You are writing to Peter Andrews, the Marketing Manager of Drew and Aubel, who have their headquarters in Tonbridge, Kent at 22 Main Street. You have worked closely with Peter Andrews before and know him well.
Ex. 71. Complete a proposal letter containing the following expressions. (Add as much information and as many sentences as necessary).
Dear Mr./Ms ...,We believe that your company will be interested in the possibility of ...
We are . . . and we are now seeking . . .If this idea interests you, we could . . .
I am very much looking forward to your reply.You can relate the letter to your present job. What kind of business proposal could your company make - and to whom?
2. Your local government authority is willing financially to help worthwhile business ventures get started. Think of a possible new venture that might succeed in your local area, and write it as a proposal to your local authority.
Ex. 8
Fill in the missing parts of these letters.a) Dear Mr. Watson
............................................................������...............��.In our last order from your company, we asked for six water filters. Unfortunately, when we opened the box we found that there were only five. I would be grateful if you could send us the missing filter as soon as possible.
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours,b) Dear Ms. Spencer
.........................................�����................................................
Owing to increased costs, we have been forced to increase our prices to our customers as shown on the enclosed list. We are however still able to offer a 10% discount on any order that you make.Hoping that we can continue to be of service to you,
Yours,
c) Dear Mrs. Poirot
................................................the invitation to the exhibition last week. .......................................to see the range of products that you produce........................................................................................................
a new service that we have just introduced. This is the Golden Maintenance Agreement. For a fixed price we can offer 24 hour emergence repairs ford) Dear Mr. Sanchez
............................................�............that I have not written before now to thank you for the invitation to the conference last month. ......................................................to meet your colleagues and to exchange ideas.
.................................................................................... I need a new Marketing Manager for our Middle East office. I know that youEx. 9.
What error has been made on the invoice? (K)
What do Green Tools plc want M Pinelli Ltd to do? (K)GREEN TOOLS PLC 16 East Street, Bishops Stortford,Herts HM 6 2DZ Tel: Bishops Stortford (0297) 613726M Pinelli Ltd Your ref: MN/LD16 Garibaldi Street Our ref: CT/MDTurinItaly 10 September 1999Dear SirsINVOICE No. YD/633009With reference to your invoice No. YD/633009 of 2 September, we must point out that you seem to have made an error in the total. You have entered $742. 20 but we calculate that the correct figure is $722.20.We enclose our check for $722.20 and would be obliged if you could either let us have your *credit note for $20 or amend the invoice appropriately.Yours faithfullyCLIVE THOMASAccounts Director
Ex. 10
The accountant in your office has just passed you the invoice on given below.Write a full letter to Minachi, complaining about the typewriter. Remember to:
- say what you are writing about (use a heading);- say what is wrong;
- request some action (you decide!).
MINACHI OFFICE EQUIPMENT LTD 11-4-67 Nishiyami-dai Sayama-cho Osaka-Fu 288 Japan
|
||
Invoice No: 554 AH Contact: M Onaka |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 MX3 Electronic typewriter (including freight and insurance) |
|
|
|
|
|
US $ |
2,562 |
� |
Total |
2,562 |
� |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ex. 11
SCENARIO: The new computer system is still not working. Your company, DataPlus, needs information urgently from the manufacturer. After phoning Seattle himself, Dr. Albert asks you to write a letter of complaint. The letter will serve as a record of your company�s request for service if you are forced to return the computer.
Review the organization and contents for a letter of complaint outlined in the sentence-combining activity for this chapter. Then write a letter of complaint.
� Write a letter of complaint to the manufacturer, Absolute Computing Corporation.� Describe the computer failure.
� Explain that you have phoned about it daily for two weeks.Request that Mr. Simpson call your office as soon as possible!
Ex. 12
Write a letter for the following situation:Neil Johnson, Purchasing Manager of Merror and Bletchley, plc, has written to you expressing interest in your company�s product. From what he told you of his company�s requirements your product will need slight modification to suit his needs, but you feel this can be done quickly and inexpensively. You are about to go to England on a business trip and want to arrange to meet Mr. Johnson. His firm�s address is 261 Denby Road, Chester.
Ex. 13You work in the computer section of StorFinans bank, Nygatan 47, Stockholm, Sweden. Recently, you met Gerard van Ek when you were on a training course. He gave a talk about his ideas on computer security. You will see him again at a computer exhibition in London next June.
Some time ago you ordered a large quantity of computer paper from his company. The paper arrived yesterday but it was the wrong color: you ordered white and they sent green. Write to Gerard van Ek and complain. His address is: Computer Suppliers, 84 Ave Franklin Roosevelt, 1067 Brussels, Belgium.
The purpose of a job application letter is to get an interview. If you get a job through interviews arranged by your campus placement office or through contacts, you may not need to write a letter. However if you want to work for an organization that isn�t interviewing on campus, or later when you change jobs, you will. Writing a letter is also a good preparation for a job interview, since the letter is your first step in showing a specific company what you can do for it.
In a letter of application you should
- Address the letter to a specific person.
- Indicate the specific position for which you are applying.
- Be specific about your qualifications.
- Show what separates you from other applicants.
- Show a knowledge of the company and the position.
- Refer to you resume (which you would enclose with the letter).
- Ask for an interview.
The following order of points is normal:
Point |
Useful expressions |
Referring to the advertisement |
I am writing with reference to your advertisement for ... I am interested in the position of ... advertised in ..., and would like to apply.
|
Describing work record |
I have 9 years experience of ... After leaving ..., I worked for 8 months in ... as a ... For the last 2 years, I have worked as ... with ...
|
Describing qualifications |
My main qualification for the position is my 8 years sales experience with ... I trained for 3 years in ... as a ... and have a Higher Certificate in ... A am quite fluent in English and use the language regularly.
|
Describing present job |
My main duties are to sell to ... and to give demonstrations on ... My present responsibilities consist of ... I am in charge of ...
|
Describing achievements/ personal qualities |
I hope you will see this as evidence of my capacity for hard work. I believe that these qualities have enabled me to ...
|
Explaining the reasons for applying |
Due to ..., my contract expires at the end of ... I would like to apply as I would welcome the challenge / the opportunity to work for a ... I wish to gain experience in ...
|
Closing the letter |
I can arrange for you to receive letters of reference ... Please do not hesitate to tell me if there is anything else you would like to know. I enclose my curriculum vitae and hope to hear from you soon. |
4930 Sherman Avenue
Studio City, CA 91478
October 8, 199x
Mr. Michael Tarkanian
Vice President, Personnel
Target Department Stores
637 South Lucas Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90017
Dear Mr. Tarkanian:
Since I have focused my education and training on retail management, your advertisement for a management trainee, appearing October 7 in Section F of the Los Angeles Times, captured my attention.
Recent sales and management experience at Rike�s Department Store enabled me to develop the interpersonal and supervisory skills specified in the Target advertisement. I started as a salesperson and was soon promoted to assistant manager, a position demanding initiative and responsibility.
In addition to this experience, I am enrolled at Valley Community College and expect to receive an associate�s degree in June. In my marketing major, I successfully completed courses in marketing, management, microcomputing, and communication, earning a 3.5 grade-point average in my major.
Please examine the attached resume for details of my qualifications. At your request, I would be pleased to provide the names of individuals who could verify my education, skills, and performance.
I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss with you now my background and training could contribute to Target Department Stores. Please call me at (818) 359-9920 to arrange an interview at your convenience.
Sincerely,
Enclosure
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
to apply ( for)
applicant
application to put in an application application form (blank) capacity a mind of great capacity curriculum vitae supervisory skills to be promoted to
major grade point average back - ground |
���������� (�� �������, ��������); �����������, ���������� ������ (���, ��� ���� �������� ������, ������ ����); ����������, �������� ��������, ����� ������ ����� ������ ��� ����� �� ������ �������, ������� ������� �������� ����� ����������� ����������� (����������) ����� ���� ��������� �� � (�� �����), ���� ��������� �� ... �������� ������� ������� ������ ���������, ���������� |
I trained for some years in... I am in charge of ...
I would welcome the challenge to work for a ...
Your advertisement captured my attention |
� ��������� ����� ���� ... � �������� �� ..., � ��� ���������...
� � �� ������������ ������� ������ �� ������ ...
���� ���������� (�������) ���������� ��� �����. |
1. What is the main purpose of a job application letter?
2. How can you organize a letter of application?
3. What useful expressions can you use explaining the reasons for applying?
4. How can you close the application?
EXERCISES
Ex. 1
Revise each of these sentences to improve you attitude and positive emphasis in job letters. You may need to add information.
1. I understand that your company has had problems due to the mistranslation of documents during international ad campaigns.
2. Included in my resume are the courses in finance which earned me a fairly attractive grade average.
3. I am looking for a position which gives me a chance to advance quickly.
4. Although short on experience, I am long on effort and enthusiasm.
5. I have been with the company from its beginning to its present unfortunate state of bankruptcy.
Ex. 2
Rewrite this job application in its full form:
Dear Sir,
1/interested/position/advertised/5th April/like to apply.
Main qualification for/position/my 8 years� sales experience/Jason/American photographic goods manufacturer. When I joined/their European trade/limited to France. Since then/extended this trade into Britain and Holland/doubled the number of companies on Jason�s European export list.
Trough lacking formal training/photographic goods manufacture/acquired considerable on-the-job know-how/range and capabilities of high-sensitivity photo-materials. Published several articles/photographic journals. Attended several company sales training courses/wide experience/technical demonstrations.
Enclose/curriculum vitae/hope/hear from you soon.
Yours faithfully
Ronald Burns.
Ex. 3
Write an application from yourself in reply to this advertisement
WANT TO WORK IN THE U. S.?
If you have a professional qualification, skill or trade, let us find the appointment you are looking for. 17,000 professional and executive appointments on file.
Information service on immigration requirements (e.g. visa, work permit) also available. For confidential appointments service, send c.v. to: Accord Placement Bureau 5905 Vista Charleston North Carolina 29412 USA |
Ex. 4
Write an application for a (real or imaginary) job that you would like to have. Perhaps you do not have exactly the right qualifications or experience for the job. How would you present yourself?
Ex. 5
Complete an application form
APPLICATION FORM Date ....................
Sara Jensen Memorial Trust Fund
CONFIDENTIAL
Use BLOCK letters throughout please
(1) SURNAME |
OTHER NAMES |
DATE OF BIRTH 12.12.1960 |
(2) ADDRESS (PERMANENT) (TEMPORARY) |
(3) EDUCATION
|
PLACE Nairobi, Kenya |
|
St Anns Convent Mombasa, Kenya, E. Africa |
NATIONALITY at birth KENYAN now BRITISH |
TELEPHONE Home Business |
|
(5) MARITAL STATUS (delete as necessary) Single Married Separated Divorced Widowed |
(4) ANY SERIOUS ILLNESSES |
|
(6) Languages spoken (degree of fluency) |
(8) SYNOPSIS OF YOUR CAREER |
(7) DEPENDENTS (give age if under 18) |
|
(9) STATE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT FEATURES WHICH HAVE INFLUENCED YOUR CAREER. In 1963 father died.. Mother left village to become successful trader in textiles. Travelled throughout Sudan and Africa. When my husband died in 1986 I had to support three young children. |
||
(10) REASONS FOR APPLYING FOR GRANT |
||
(11) SPARE TIME INTERESTS |
||
Please supply the names, addresses and telephone numbers of three referees in the space provided overleaf. |
A resume may be the one item that gets you an offer for a job interview. It is the first impression the employer will have of you. Your qualifications, your experiences, and the way you organize and present yourself on paper will be determining factors when choosing you over all the other applicants for consideration. And, you may not have a second chance; consequently, the resume has to be your �ticket� in the door.
A resume is a summary of your qualifications and experience and will be used as a sales device to honestly sell your skills more effectively than other applicants sell theirs.
There are two kinds of resumes: chronological and skills. A chronological resume summarizes what you did in a time line (starting with the most recent events and going backwards in reverse chronology). It emphasizes degrees, job titles, and dates. Use a chronological resume when a) your education and experience are a logical preparation for the position for which you�re applying; b) you have impressive job titles, offices, or honors.
A skills resume emphasizes the skills you�re used, rather than the job in which or the date when you used them. Use a skills resume when a) your education and experience are not the usual route to the position for which you�re applying; b) you want to combine experience from paid jobs, activities or volunteer work, and courses to show the extent of your experience in administration, finance, speaking, and so on; c) you lack impressive job titles, offices, or honors; d) your recent work history may create the wrong impression.
Although the resume is a factual document its purpose is to persuade. In a job application form or an application for graduate or professional school, you answer every question even if the answer is not to your credit. In a resume, you cannot lie, but you can omit anything which does not work in your favor.
Resumes commonly contain the following in formation. The categories marked with an asterisk are essential.
* Name, Address, and Phone Number
Career Objective
* Education
* Experience
Honors
Activities
References
However, you have many options. You may choose other titles for these categories and add categories that are relevant for you qualification: Computer skills, Foreign Languages.
If you have more than seven items under a heading, consider using subheadings. For example, a student who had a great many activities might divide them into Student Government, Other Campus Activities, and Community Service.
Resumes differ from letters of application in the following ways:
- A resume is adapted to a position. The letter is adapted to the needs of a particular organization.
- The resume summarizes all your qualifications. The letter shows now your qualifications can help the organization meet its needs, how you differ from other applicants, and that you have some Knowledge of the organizations.
- The resume uses short, parallel phrases and sentence fragments. The letter uses complete sentences in well-written paragraphs.
RESUME
|
Shirley A. Connors 1313 West Scott Street Home phone: Monroe 6-1231
Des Plaines, I 11. 60016 Work phone: Financial 6-1200
|
|
|
JOB OBJECTIVE: Professional position as an auditor with a CPA firm and eventual managerial capacity in such a firm.
|
|
|
MAJOR QUALIFICATIONS: University education in accounting. Four years part-time experience in accounting firm. Two years assistant manager in drive-in restaurant.
|
|
|
EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science degree, de Paul University�s College of Commerce-June 19___ |
|
|
COURSES IN ACCOUNTING: Elements Cost Accounting Principles Auditing Theory Interpretation Auditing Practice Intermediate Theory Taxes I and II Advanced Theory Consolidations Systems Governmental Accounting
|
|
|
COURSES IN RELATED FIELDS: Business Law I and II Corporate Finance Economics Money and Banking Income Determination Business Communications The Stock Market Business Report Writing Marketing Problems Ethics
|
|
|
EXPERIENCE: Martin and Allen, certified public Accountants 315 West Wabash Avenue Chicago, I11. 60604 Period from October, 19____, June, 19 _____.
|
|
|
Duties: First Year �proofreading. Remaining three years �member of accounting staff �auditing: preparing individual and corporate tax returns, both state and federal: compiling financial statements, reports on examination and SEC 10-k reports. Kopper Kitchen Restaurant 64 East Lake Street Chicago, Illinois 60604 Period from September, 19___, to June, 19___. Duties: First year�waitress. Remaining two years�assistant manager at night, supervising four persons. Other part-time jobs: Stock person in pet shop; saxophone player in musical combo. |
|
|
ACTIVITIES, HONORS, AND ORGANIZATIONS: National Honor Society�High School Des Plaines Library Art Club Writer for De Paul University�s Literary Magazine, �Trajectories� Winner of De Paul University�s Art Contest
|
|
|
PERSONAL DATA: Physical details: Age 23: height 5 feet, 6 inches; weight 120 pounds; health excellent Marital status: Single Hobbies and interests: Reading, art, music, sports, and painting.
|
|
|
REFERENCES: Mr. John L. Foreman, CPA Professor Edwin T. Sloan Audit Manager Professor of Accounting Martin and Allen De Paul University 315 West Wabash Avenue Chicago, I11. 60604 Chicago, I11 60604
|
|
Mr. Harold S. Jackson Professor Martin M. Contrant Kopper Kitchen Restaurant, Inc. Department of Finance 1900 East Queen Court Northwestern University Chicago, I11. 60604 Evanston, I11 60200 |
|
|
resume ['re(I)zjVmeI] |
������, ��������, ��������, ������� |
resume [rI'zju:m]
resumption
office to persuade option career objective |
�����������, ����� ������������, �������� ������� ����������, ����������� (���� �������), ��������� ����� ������, ��������, ������� ��������, ������������ ����, ����� ����� ���� �������� (�����) |
You lack impressive job titles. |
��� ����� ��������� ������, �� ���������� ������� ��������. |
To work in one�s favo(u)r. |
ij��� �� ����� �������. |
1. What purpose does a resume serve?
2. Why does the list jobs held in reverse chronological order in a resume?
3. Should major headings be presented in alphabetic order? Why?
4. What headings do typically appear on a chronological resume?
5. If you had little or no experience, which resume would probably be better: a) chronological or b) skills?
6. Five years after graduation, which would probably appear first on a resume: a) �Education� or b) �Experience�?
EXERCISES AND PROBLEMSEx. 1
List 10 accomplishments that give you the most personal satisfaction. These could be things that other people wouldn�t notice. They can be things that you have done recently or things you did years ago.
Answer the following questions for each accomplishment.
1. What skills or knowledge did you use?
2. What personal traits did you exhibit?
3. What about this accomplishment makes it personally satisfying to you?
Ex. 2
In each of the following situations, will a chronological or a skills resume make the applicant look stronger? How detailed should the applicant be? Briefly defend your choice.
1. Gene Di Salvo wants to leave his job as an auditor and find a position in personnel.
2. Ron Oliver has been steadily employed for the last six years, but most of the jobs have been low-level ones.
3. Andrea Barcus was an assistant department manager at a clothing boutique. As assistant manager, she was authorized to approve checks in the absence of the manager. Her other duties were ringing up sales, cleaning the area, and helping mark items for sales.
Ex.3
As Your Instructor directs, write a resume based either upon what you have already done or including things you hope to do before you get your degree.
White a chronological resume.
Write a skills resume.
Ex.4
Prepare a resume for a job you would like to have.
Nowadays it is vital for companies to be able to send and receive information with the greatest possible speed. The key word in writing telex messages is economy when you need to send a message quickly, it is significantly cheaper to use a telex rather than a telephone call. The use of telexes - and in particular telexes in English - in international business has increased over the last few years to the point where they are now indispensable. Today approximately 90 per cent of business communication are in telex form.
In English there are two main groups of words: information words, which carry the main ideas and details in a sentence, and grammar words which join the information words together into grammatical sentences. The grammar words may be omitted in order to change �normal� sentences into telex sentences. There is no rule as to when or where not to omit a word but there must be no possibility of misunderstanding. Grammar words are pronouns, auxiliary words, articles and prepositions.
One of the most distinctive features of telex messages is the special abbreviations and expressions which are found in them. There are several in this text:
COPY TEXT OF TELEX TRANSMISSION COCOIL 22008 KT 10.07.99 23496 COMTRG REPLY QUOTING REF 2381/TRAINING SERVICES LTD |
ATTN MR Y IBRAHIM. CAREER DEV SUPT
RE: TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING COURSES
1. WD BE ABLE ARRIVE KUWAIT 28TH AUG FOR DIAGNOSTIC TEST 29TH. |
IF ACCEPTABLE, ACCOMMODATION REQUIRED FOR NIGHT OF 28TH OF 28TH AND 29TH. |
3. WILL ARRIVE FLIGHT NO. GF27 1105 KT AIRPORT. GRATEFUL YOU ARRANGE VISA AWAITING ARRIVAL. |
4. PASSPORT DETAILS AS FOLLOWS:
NAME JOHN SMITH OCCUPATION PROGRAMME DIRECTOR PASSPORT NO P345678 PLACE OF BIRTH WOKING DATE OF BIRTH 27TH SEPTEMBER 1970 PASSPORT EXPIRES 20TH MARCH 1999
5. PLS TLX ASAP PROPOSED COMMENCEMENT DATES FOR COURSES AND CONFIRM ABOVE ARRANGEMENTS.
RGDS JOHN SMITH
COCOIL 22008 KT |
They are:
ATIN: |
for the attention of |
MAX: |
maximum |
PLS: |
please |
MECH: |
mechanical |
ASAP: |
as soon as possible |
MIN: |
minimum |
RGDS: |
regards |
NEC: |
necessary |
Here are some others which are regularly used: |
OK(?): POSS: RE/REF: |
agreed(?) possible with reference to |
|
CFM: |
confirm |
RPT: |
repeat |
CONF: |
confidential |
RYT: |
with reference |
EEE: |
error |
|
to your telex |
ENG: |
engineer/ing |
TECH: |
technical |
FIN: |
finished |
THRU: |
through |
FLT |
fight |
U: |
you |
FM: |
from |
W(DS): |
words |
HR(S): |
hours |
XXXX: |
error |
IMMED: |
immediately |
+: |
message finished |
INFO: |
information |
|
|
Such abbreviations are obviously very useful in attempting to reduce the length of your telex message. Before using them, however, you must be quite sure that the receiver of your message is familiar with the expression(s) which you would like to include.
The components of a telex are:
frequently linked |
Initial message
Supplying information
Requesting information
Requesting action
Placing or confirming order
Placing or confirming reservation |
Response to message
Replying to request for information
Replying to request for action
Confirming receipt of order
Confirming receipt of reservation |
Confirming telephone conversation |
SIGNING OFF |
CONCLUSION (assurance of service, final confirmation if necessary, etc.) |
REFERENCE |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION |
(can be one or more of below) |
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
indispensable |
����������, ���� �������� |
to omit a word |
���������� ����� |
abbreviation |
����������, ���������� (��� ��������� � ������� � �� ��������� ������) |
regards |
������ |
confidential |
�������������, ��������� |
error |
������� |
acknowledgment |
������������, ����������� ��� ��������� |
confirmation |
������������, ������������, ���������� |
reservation |
(��.) ���������� ����� |
With reference to your telex |
����������� �� ��� ������ |
Give my best regards (to) |
��������� �� ���� ������ (������) |
Placing or confirming reservation |
��������� ��� ������������ �������� ���������� |
1. What are the components of a telex?
2. What is the key word in writing telex messages?
3. What words may be omitted to change �normal� sentences into telex sentences?
4. Why are the abbreviations of the telex messages useful?
5. What is a conclusion of a telex?
EXERCISESEx. 1
Below are some abbreviations used in telexes. Match each of them with the correct meaning, as++ in the example. Three meanings are missing. What do you think they are?
PLUS for the attention of
ASAP |
you |
TLX |
we request that ... |
INFO |
telex |
PLS |
letter |
U |
received, we have received |
YR |
immediately |
RQST |
information |
DTD |
could |
THKS |
your |
RECO |
thank you |
ATTM |
as well as |
IMMED |
|
LTR |
|
CLD |
|
Ex. 2
List the meaning of the underlined abbreviations:
THKS YRLET 6 SEP. PLS NOTE PHIL WANG ARR LATE OCT 8 . CAN YOU ARRNG HOTEL ACC CENTRAL TOKYO?
AS AGREED, WILL DRAW UP FINAL DOCS FOR PHIL�S SIGNATURE AND YOURS, BUT THE SUM WILL HAVE TO BE CONF BY YR BNK IN TOKYO. THE CREDIT OF TEN THOUSAND DLRS WILL BE VAL UNTIL MAY 31, 1999. SINCE THIS IS OUR FRST ORDER FROM YOU. WE HAVE FLWD OUR USUAL POLICY CONCERNING CREDIT DOCS. TRST YOU WILL BE SATISFIED WITH OUR NEW PRODUCT, AND SHALL BE PLSD TO MEET YOU WHEN YOU ARE OVER HERE NXT YR.
KND REGARDS,
Ex. 3
Rewrite each message using as many abbreviations as you believe suitable. Check your version against the suggested answers at the back of textbook.
1. |
I WISH TO CONFIRM OUR TELEPHONE CONVERSATION OF TODAY RESERVING A DOUBLE ROOM FOR THE NIGHT OF DECEMBER 30 IN THE NAME OF ASSAF.
|
2. |
WE CAN ASSURE YOU OF DELIVERY OF YOUR ORDER NO 876G DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF JUNE.
|
3. |
WE ARE AWAITING DELIVERY OF INSTRUMENTS PROMISED FOR NOVEMBER 20TH. WE MUST HAVE THIS CONSIGNMENT IN OUR HANDS BEFORE THE END OF THE WEEK, OR WE WILL BE OBLIGED TO CANCEL THE ORDER. PLEASE INFORM US BY RETURN OF YOUR PROPOSED ACTION IN THIS MATTER.
|
4. |
FURTHER TO OUR MEETING OF 2ND APRIL, I AM PLEASED TO INFORM YOU THAT OUR HEAD OFFICE HAVE AGREED TO EXTEND YOU A PERSONAL LOAN OF UP TO DLRS 30, 000 (THIRTY THOUSAND), TO BE REPAID OVER A PERIOD OF THREE YEARS, AT AN INTEREST RATE OF 14 PERCENT MAXIMUM. |
Ex.4
Rewrite the following telexes, making omissions where suitable:
1. |
OK TO GO AHEAD WITH THE EASTERN PROJECT, BUT WE MUST KEEP TOTAL COSTS UNDER FIFTY THOUSAND POUNDS. A DRAFT REPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE IN OUR LONDON OFF ON MAY 27TH.
|
2. |
OUR SURVEY INDICATES TINTED GLASS MARKET ON THE INCREASE. WE THEREFORE PLAN TO LAUNCH A PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN WITHIN TWO MTHS. PLS CONTACT WE TO ARRANGE A MTG IN OUR OFFICE ASAP.
|
Ex. 5
Reduce text to a maximum of 45 words.
WE WISH TO REMIND YOU THAT, ACCORDING TO OUR ACCOUNTS, YOU HAVE NOT YET RENEWED YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO FREEDOM OF FRANCE MAGAZINE FOR THE CURRENT YEAR. WE ARE OFFERING A SPECIAL DISCOUNT TO SUBSCRIBERS WHO HAVE BEEN RECEIVING OUR MAGAZINE FOR OVER THREE YEARS, AND FIND YOU ARE ELIGIBLE. YOU ARE CONSEQUENTLY ENTITLED TO A DISCOUNT OF TEN PERCENT OFF THE STANDARD PRICE.. YOUR SUBSCRIPTION RATE FOR THIS YEAR WILL BE ONLY 270 FRANCS INSTEAD OF 300 FRANCS.
WE WOULD APPRECIATE YOUR EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THIS AMOUNT.
Ex. 6
Rewrite the following sentences as telex messages:
1. I have booked your flight to Manchester, departing from Brussels at 1230 on Monday.
2. Would you please inform your representatives?
3. I would be happy if you could suggest a suitable meeting date in August or September.
4. Would you please tell us which day you will be returning?
5. The Madrid conference has been postponed.
6. Thank you for your letter.
7. I can confirm that your order number 442/7 (550 roles of wire netting) was dispatched on 24th November.
8. I intend to meet Foster and Gamble on Wednesday, and shall fly back two days later.
9. Consignment No. 441 should arrive Southampton on M.S. Atlanta tomorrow.
10. I met Mr. Larwood yesterday. Everything is satisfactory.
Ex. 7
Change the following message into telex.
With reference to the construction of the new administrative building, the drawings and details of the project which have so far been received from the consultants are now available. Each department head is asked to study them and forward their comments to this department as soon as possible so that the necessary action can be taken.
Ex. 8
Underline the key message words in the below text.
List the main points covered in the telex.
TO: MARIE ZOLI, EUROPEAN WOMEN�S ASSN. FROM: ANN WILLIAMS DATE: NOVEMBER 25, 1999 RE: OURTELCON PROPOSED LUNCHEON CONCERNING POSSIBILITY OF A LUNCHEON FOR YR CLUB MEMBERS ON BOARD THE FLYING DUTCHMAN IN JUN, AM PLEASED TO CONF THAT WE CAN CATER FOR TWENTY AND SHALL SEND YOU SAMPLE MENU IN NR FUT. A SIMPLER, LESS EXP MENU CAN BE ARRNGD IF DESIRED. RE YR PROPOSED TALK ON LIFE IN ITALY, I REGRET TO SAY THAT WE DO NOT HAVE SUFF SPACE TO ACCOMM ONE HUNDRED. ON THE OTHER HAND, WE COULD ARRNG SPACE FOR FIFTY FOR YR ANN GEN MTG. IN FACT, I HAVE ALREADY DISC THIS WITH MRS. HEWLETT WHO CONTACTED ME ON THIS SUBJ LST MTH. PLS DO NOT HESITATE TO CONTACT ME FOR FURTHER DETAILS. |
Ex. 9
Find matching expressions in the below telex for the following:
THKS YR PROMPT REPLY
HAVE NOTED YR EXPECTED ARRIVAL DATE
PLS LET US KNOW ANY SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
Making use of a) a reference line, b) word omissions, c) abbreviations and d) rephrasing, write the above text with a maximum of 51 words.
Thank you for your prompt reply of aug 18. W e have taken note of yr expected date of arrival in J apan and have duly notified our O taki plants throughout the country. we hope to have an itinerary planned for you in the near future and as soon as we have something concrete organized we shall send you our proposed schedule. D o not hesitate to let us know if you have any particular requirements and we will do best to meet them. I n the meantime, we look forward to meeting you next month. yours sincerely, |
Ex. 10
The following telexes have just come to you. Perephrase them verbally and choose the correct action to be taken in the questionnaire.
1. |
AM ADV PLASFIL CO EARLY THIS MTH PRODUCED TWO DOCS WHICH ARE ON WAY TO TRIAL COUSEL IN MUNICH AND THAT ADDTL DOCS MAY BE SUPPLIED BY NOV 18. CALL US WHEN U REC COPIES OF DOCS TO DISC APPROACH FOR RESP TO COMPLNT. |
2. |
THIS IS TO CONF MY UNDERSTANDING OF OURTELCON. THE PURCHASE PRICE OF INDIV SHARES WILL BE BOOK VALUE AT OCT 31 OF YR PRECEDING PURCHASE, BUT WILL NOT EXCEED AMOUNT ORIG DISCUSSED. PLS NOTIFY YR REQUIREMENTS. |
3. |
URG U CALL THIS OFFICE WITHIN 48 HRS CONC YR DEFAULTED STUDENT LOAN. FAILURE TO PAY YR DEBT MAY RESULT IN ASSIGNMENT OF YR ACCT TO U.S. ATTORNEY. UNL THIS DEBT IS PD IN FULL, ADMIN COSTS, ATTORNEY FEES AND COURT COSTS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS DEBT. |
Choose the correct action to be taken in each of the following:
1. (i) Call sender when you receive copies of documents.
( ii) Send two documents to Munich.
(iii) No action to be taken.
(iv) Call sender to discuss approach to adopt.
2. (i) Call to confirm telephone conversation.
(ii) No action to be taken.
(iii) Inform sender of your requirements re shares.
3. (i) You must pay your debt immediately.
(ii) No action to be taken.
(iii) Call sender�s office immediately.
(iv) Pay administration costs.
Ex. 11
Write a telex for each of the following situations:
1. You are Ann Williams and you are writing a telex to the Ritz Hotel to confirm a telephone conversation of October 20. You wish to reserve a double room in the name of Don Jackson for the nights of November 22 to November 25 inclusive. A quiet room is preferred. You ask the hotel to confirm the reservation and inform you of the price.
2. You work for the Ritz Hotel and you are writing in reply to the telex in 1 above, stating the price and any other relevant details.
3. You work for Whitely Bros. and wish to place an order with Heartfelt Corp. for delivery of 500 steel rods. Reference No. 6753, no later than the end of March. State that you are happy to pay by bank transfer or check, whichever is preferred. Ask for confirmation of the order and the terms of payment.
The memorandum or memo has been borrowed from the practice of military correspondence. It is the most common form of written communication in business and industry. Until recent times, its use has been restricted to interoffice, interdepartmental or interorganizational communications. However, it is now being circulated with greater frequency out of the originating organization.
Memos solve problems either by informing the reader about new information, like policy changes, price increases, etc., or by persuading the reader to take an action, such as attend a meeting, use paper, or change a current production procedure. Regardless of the specific goal, memos are most effective when they connect the purpose of the writer with the interests and needs of the reader.
The primary purpose of the memo is to save time for both the reader and the writer. The reader is given direct, concise information and facts, with conclusions and recommendations (as appropriate) to provide clear but ample background to arrive at a proper decision and necessary action.
Standard memos are divided into segments to organize the information and to help achieve the writer�s purpose. The are: a) Heading Segment; b) Opening Segment; c) Summary Segment; d) Discussion Segments; e) Closing Segment; f) Necessary Attachments. A memorandum needs no return address, inside address, salutation and complimentary closing.
The heading segment follows this general format:
To: (readers� names and job titles)
FROM: (your name and job title)
DATE: (complete and current date)
SUBJECT: (what the memo is about, highlighted in some way.
The purpose of a memo is usually found in the opening paragraphs and is presented in three parts: the context and problem, the specific assignment or task, and the purpose of the memo.
If your memo is longer than a page, you may want to include a separate summary segment. This segment provides a brief statement of the key recommendations you have reached. This will help your reader to understand the key points of the memo immediately.
The discussion segments are where you get to throw in all the juicy detailed information that you gave gathered to support your ideas.
You are almost done. After the reader has absorbed all of your information, you want to close with a courteous ending that states what action you want your reader to take.
Make sure you document your findings or provide detailed information whenever necessary. You can do this by attaching lists, graphs, tables, etc. at the end of your memo.
MEMORANDUMTo: Board of Directors
From: Thomas H. Duley
Date: December 15, 1998
Subject: Financial Report for November
Net earnings for the month of November were $12.4 million or $56 a share compared with $13.8 million or $63 a share a year ago. Net earnings for the eleven months ending November 30 were $125.0 million or $5.60 a share. That was an improvement of 124.6 percent over the $55.7 million or $2.26 a share for the comparable period last year.
Net interest income continues to make substantial improvements, up $17.7 million for the month of November and $181,0 million for the eleven-month period. In addition, the following significant items affected earning:
- Earnings for the month of November included $2.2. million from the sale of loans and investments, an amount well below the $8.5 million for November of last year.
- The interest rate spread was 2.52 percent for the month of November and remained at 2.45 percent for the eleven-month period - an increase of 72 basis points over the 1.73 percent for the prior comparable period.
- The insurance subsidiary contributed net earnings of $1.4 million for the month and $12.5 million for the year to date with both figures more than double the totals of last year.
Shareholders� equity was $1.015 million at November 30.
Additional information will be presented at the December board meeting.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
originating organization concise information ample background segment |
�������� ���������� ����� (�������) ���������� �������� ��������� ������� |
separate summary segment courteous [`kE:tSqs] ending to document the findings net earnings share to go shares comparable period net interest income |
������ ������� ��� ��������� ������� �������� ����� ������������� ����������� �������� ������ �������� �������, ������ ����� �� ��� ������� ����������� ����� ������ ���������� �������� |
To arrive at a proper decision and necessary action |
ij��� ����������� ������ � ��������� 䳿 |
To throw in all the juicy detailed information |
�������� ��� ������� �������� ���������� |
1. How do the memos solve problems?
2. When are the memos most effective?
3. What is the primary purpose of the memo?
4. Why do you divide the memo into segments?
5. What are the standard memo segments?
6. What is the general format of the heading segment?
7. How is the purpose of a memo presented?
EXERCISESEx. 1
The memorandum below was written by an employee in a company which provides seeds for agricultural purposes. Read it and decide on the writer�s aim. Then decide which of the following is the most suitable subject heading for the memo.
1. How We Can Improve our Methods of Storage for Seed Potatoes
2. Improvements in Methods of Storage for Seed Potatoes
3. Seed Potatoes
At certain times of the year, large quantities of seed potatoes are kept for up to several months in Stores 3 and 4. They are stored in clamps and covered by dried seaweed, hay and straw.
Several problems are regularly encountered with this method, the most important of which are weight loss and sprouting. These two factors alone have caused the loss of 14 tons of seed potatoes in the last year.
Research currently being carried out in the United States suggests that these problems could be resolved by adopting alternative storage methods, the extra cost of which would be only 15% of the loss currently incurred. (A detailed description of this research is attached.)
It is therefore recommended that a pilot scheme should be set up to evaluate these methods and if this is successful, that they should be adopted.
Your approval would be appreciated.
Ex. 2
In the following memo, the development section has been omitted. The missing information is given below, but in the wrong order.
Reorganize the missing information in a logical sequence. Put the sentences a) to h) in the right order.
MEMORANDUM
TO: Stores Supervisor REF: 5P/162/3
FROM: Main Workshop Supervisor DATE: 17.9.98
SUBJECT: Wrongly Supplied Spare Part
This memo refers to your Item No. 3 on the Air Cargo Manifest for Flight BA61 on 14.9.98.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
You are therefore requested to take the necessary action concerning this incident and arrange to send us correct item without delay.
It is hoped that such errors can be avoided in future.
Missing Information1. On receipt o f the item, it was found to be a liner instead of a complete cylinder head.
2. Repairs to an essential company vehicle were delayed.
3. It was discovered that no local supplier stocks a similar part.
4. This special item was ordered urgently on our material issue voucher dated 8.9.98.
5. The vehicle still awaits repair and is unavailable for use.
6. On 16.9.98, attempts were made to obtain a temporary alternative part from local suppliers.
7. The item was fully described as a complete cylinder head (Part No. 631461) on the voucher.
8. Company operations have been seriously affected.
Ex. 3
In the following memorandum, the paragraphs are in the wrong sequence.
Put them in the correct order. In addition, supply a suitable subject heading.
MEMORANDUM
TO: All Heads of Department REF: CP15
FROM: Personnel Manager DATE: 3/1/98
SUBJECT:
1. The practice of random parking is not only a nuisance to the general public, but also impedes deliveries to the plant. Most serious of all, it could hinder or even prevent fire engines and ambulances from reaching the scene of an emergency.
2. Therefore, all Departmental Heads are urgently requested to remind their staff to use the official car parks and to inform them that, as from 10.1.98, cars parked elsewhere will be towed away at the owner�s expense.
3. It has been brought to my notice that many employees are failing to use the car parks provided by the company. Instead, they are parking around the perimeter of the premises, on access roads and outside the main gates.
Ex. 4
The conclusions of the following memos have been removed. Read through the memos and then complete them. If they have been well written, you will find that you will have no doubt about what the conclusions should be. (If you have the opportunity, compare your conclusions with those of other students doing this exercise).
4. Circular
Urgent Delivery of Materials
It has been noted recently that some departments send their materials to R and D for urgent on forwarding extremely late in the day, i.e. shortly before this section closes at 16.00hours.
This practice inevitably causes delays in the dispatch of these materials, due to insufficient time for the necessary packing and arrangements of transport. This process takes approximately one hour.
Therefore in order to ensure that materials can be receive d and dispatched on the same day, it is recommended that
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
NOTE: R and D: Receipt and Dispatch Section
On forwarding: sending materials on to other destinations
2.
TO: Stores Supervisor REF: AF/134
FROM: GS, Engineering Services DATE: 28.8.98
SUBJECT: Delivery of Cylinder Heads, 22.8.98
On close inspection of the consignment of cylinder heads recently delivered to us under Indent No. 1654, it was discovered that 5 of them were severely pitted.
The consignment appeared to be properly packed, and there was no evidence of damage to the container. Furthermore, the remaining 5 pieces in the container were in perfect condition.
It would therefore be appreciated of you could
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
NOTE: The cylinder heads were pitted means their surface was full of small holes
NOTE:
Logical content
If the introduction and development sections have been constructed effectively, then the conclusion of a memo should be extremely easy to write. In fact, by the time that this stage is reached, the conclusions of the memo should by obvious, and the reader should have a very good idea in advance of what this final section is going to contain. If the conclusion holds any surprises for the reader, then the previous sections of the memo were in some way faulty.
Text 1 is a good example of a memo. It deals with only one topic. The introduction immediately describes the background situation, and the development makes the message totally clear. Your conclusion will therefore read something like this:
... it is recommended that materials for urgent on forwarding should arrive at R and D well before 1500.
In Text 2, on the other hand, the conclusion of the memo is not immediately clear. It could either be a general one:
It would therefore be appreciated if you could ensure that all materials are properly checked before being issued.
Or it could be more specific:
It would therefore be appreciated if you could immediately replace the five damaged pieces.
Indeed, it could be a combination of these conclusions, and yet other conclusions might also be possible. Clearly, the writer of Text 2 is less successful at controlling the information in his memo.
Institutions of all types - business, governmental, service, and charitable - are with daily problem-solving and decision-making tasks. Whether at the policy-making executive level or at the operational management level, decision makers and problem solvers require a steady supply of information on which they can rely. This information may be supplied orally or in written form. The term used to describe the body of information is a report. The process of developing the information, preparing it for presentation, and presenting it is reporting. Many kinds of documents are called reports. In some organizations, a report is a long document or a document that contains numerical data. In others, one and two-page memos are called reports. A short report to a client may use letter format. Formal reports contain formal elements such as a title page, a transmittal, a table of contents, and a list of illustrations. Informal reports may be computer printouts of production or sales figures; they may be handwritten answers to questions on a printed form; they may use letter or memo format. But all reports, whatever their length or degree of formality, provide the information that people in organizations need to make plans and solve problems.
Reports can be called information reports if they collect data for the reader, analytical reports if they interpret data but do not recommend action, and recommendation reports if they recommend action or a solution.
The following report are usually information reports:
Sales reports list sales figures for the week or month.
Quarterly reports document a plant�s productivity and profits for the quarter.
The following reports are usually analytical reports:
Annual reports record an organization�s accomplishments during the past year and provide financial data.
Audit reports document the facts revealed during an audit and offer an
interpretation of them.
Make-good or pay-back reports calculate the point at which a new capital investment will pay for itself.
The following reports can be information, analytical, or recommendation reports:
Accident reports list the nature and causes of accidents in a factory or office and can recommend changes to make conditions safer.
Credit reports summarize an applicant�s income and other credit obligations and evaluate his or her collateral and creditworthiness.
Committee reports document a committee�s work for the quarter or the year.
Progress and interim reports record the work done so far and the work remaining on a project.
Trip reports share what the author learned at a conference or during a visit to a customer or supplier.
Closure reports document research that is not economically or technically feasible for new products under current conditions.
The following reports are recommendation reports:
Scouting reports identify the strengths and weaknesses of a potential recruit or an opposing team and recommend whether to bid for the recruit or recommend strategies for beating the opponent.
Feasibility reports evaluate two or more alternatives and recommend which the organization should choose.
Justification reports justify the need for a purchase, an investment, a new personnel line, or a change in procedure.
Problem-solving reports identify the causes of an organizational problem and recommend a solution.
In writing any report, there are five basic steps:
1. Define the problem.
2. Gather the necessary data and information.
3. Interpret the data.
4. Organize the information.
5. Write the report.
A STUDENT PROGRESS REPORT
November 10, 1999
To: Kitty O.Locker
From: David G.Bunnel
Subject: Progress on Cad/CAM Software Feasibility Study for the Architecture Firm, Patrick and Associates, Inc.
I have obtained most of the information necessary to recommend whether CADAM or CATIA is better for Patrick and Associates, Inc. (P&A). I am currently analyzing and organizing this information and am on schedule.
Work Completed
To learn how computer literate P&A employees are, I interviewed a judgment sample of five employees. My interview with Bruce Ratekin, the director of P&A�s Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Department on November 3 enabled me to determine the architectural drafting needs of the firm. Mr. Ratekin also gave me a basic drawing of a building showing both two-and three-dimensional views so that I could replicate the drawing with both software packages.
I obtained tutorials for both packages to use as a reference while making the drawings. First I drew the building using CADAM the package designed primarily for two-dimensional architectural drawings. I encountered problems with the isometric drawing because there was a mistake in the manual I was using; I fixed the problem by tying alternatives and finally getting heel from another CADAM user. Next, I used CATIA, the package whose strength is three-dimensional drawings, to construct the drawing. I am in the process of comparing the two packages based on these criteria: quality of drawing, ease of data entry (lines, points, surfaces, etc.) for computer experts and novices, and ease of making changes in the completed drawings. Based on my experience with the packages, I have analyzed the training people with and without experience in CAD would need to learn to each of these packages.
Work to Be Completed
Making the drawings has shown that neither of the packages can do everything that P&A needs. Therefore, I want to investigate the feasibility of P&A�s buying both packages.
As soon as he comes back from an unexpected illness that has kept him out of the office, I will meet with Tom Merrick, the CAD systems programmer for The Ohio State University, to learn about software expansion flexibility for both packages as well as the costs for initial purchase, installation, maintenance, and software updates. After this meeting, I will be ready to begin the first draft of my report.
Whether I am able to meet my deadline will depend on when I am able to meet with Mr. Merrick. Right now, I am on schedule and plan to submit my report by the December 1 deadline.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
to rely presentation numerical data formal report transmittal
accomplishment to document make-good report
credit report collateral feasibility report
literate to submit a report software updates |
�����������, ���� ��������� ������� ������ ��� �������� (�������) ��� ����������������� ��������; ���� ��� ����������, ���� ������� ������� ���������� ���������, ���������� ������������� ����������� ��� ��� �����, �� ���� ������ ������������� ��� ��� �������� �������� ������������, ������� ��� ��� ������������ (����������, ���������)
����������, ���������� �������� ��� �� ������� ������ ������ ������������� |
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
At the police-making executive level |
��������� ������� �� ����������� ��� |
At the operational management level |
�� ������������� ��� |
A new capital investment will pay for itself |
����� ����� ������������� |
I am on schedule |
����� � �������, �������� �� ����� |
Software expansion flexibility for both packages |
��������� �������� ����������� ������������ ��� ���� ����������� �������� |
1. What is report and reporting?
2. Do you know the elements of the formal reports? Name them.
3. What reports can be called informational, analytical and recommendation ones?
4. What analytical reports do you know?
5. What are the basic steps in writing any report?
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Contrast
Look at the following ways of expressing contrast:
a) Turnover increased. However, profitability fell.
Although turnover increased, profitability fell.
Profitability fell (even) though turnover increased.
b) It would be difficult to ventilate site B, while/whereas the exterior position of site A would improve ventilation.
a) However is used for general contrasts where the ideas are not equivalent. Although is used when there is a contrast that surprises us. Even though is like although but more emphatic.
b) While/whereas are used where there is a contrast between equivalent ideas.
Use although, even though, while or however to contrast the following:
1 . There are only six recruiters. 2 . Site B would be easy to build on. 3 . Salaries have been fixed for two years. 4 . The recruitment agency concentrated on the UK. 5 . There are ten managers. |
They do most of the work. Site A would require new foundations. They will be revised if business improves. Its competitors turned to foreign markets. Only the Managing Director has decision-making power. |
6 . Working conditions are above average. 7 . The recruitment Managers received a basic salary of 7,250. 8 . Prospective clients were offered discounted rates for the first year of business.
9 . There are ten managers. |
There is no rest room.
They benefited from high rates of commission.
Many of these new clients continued to pay less after the first contract year.
There are only seven non-management staff. |
10 Site A will be easy to ventilate. |
Site B will be exposed to fumes from the shop floor. |
EXERCISES
Ex. 1
Read through this report and then note down possible sources of information which the Credit and Marketing Section Head referred to before writing
TO: Accounts Relationship REF: CM35AC FROM: Credit and Marketing Section Head DATE: 10.11.98 SUBJECT: Financial Analysis (Sales and Profitability) of Acme Trading Company (ATC) |
ATC increased its sales from $2 million on 1994 to 4 million in 1995. This increase was partially the result of the growing popularity of its Hong Kong showroom and partially because of the opening of its new Kuala Lumpur branch. This latter development offsets some of the risk of loss of business associated with the expected increasing instability in the Hong Kong situation. |
Whilst sales increased by 100%, net profit increased from 100,000 in 1994 to 150,000 in 1995. Thus the company has been consistently profitable, although profit margins have declined over the period. This decline has been caused by the entry of additional competition from Aberdeen Holdings Ltd. and rising import prices.
The above operational performance is highly creditable in view of the economic climate during the period under review. It is expected that the economy will revive during the next year, and strong results from Acme are anticipated. |
Ex. 2
Read the following summary of a report on environmental conditions at work. Break it down into the following parts: (a) Terms of reference, (b) Findings, ( c ) Conclusions, (d) Recommendations.
In brief, the report sets out to list present conditions on the shop floor. It draws attention to such features as lighting, dirt, ventilation, washing and sanitary conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the lack of rest facilities for employees. It concludes that, although working conditions are generally above average, the company should consider building a separate rest room for employees.
Ex. 3
Match the following extracts from reports with the styles listed on the right.
1 . I think we should go ahead and invest in this project. If we don�t, we�ll be missing a golden opportunity.
2 . Investment in this project is imperative. Failure to invest would mean a missed opportunity.
3 . No time should be wasted in advertising the post. Any delay will certainly result in less efficiency.
4 . We should consider advertising the post. If we don�t, it could lead to a reduction in efficiency. |
a) impersonal, formal and very sure
b) personal and unsure
c) impersonal and very sure
d) personal and informal |
Now consider which of the following features are present in the above extracts:
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Personal pronouns Passives Idiomatic phrases Expressions of certainty Expressions of possibility |
|
|
|
|
Ex. 4
Read through the following conversation.
MAURICE: Hello, Bader, I haven�t seen you for a while.
BADER: That�s not surprising. I�ve been out of the country for a few months.
MAURICE: Really? Where were you?
BADER: I spent six months at Louisiana State University.
MAURICE: Oh, that�s interesting. How did that come about? I suppose you took some time off and went as a private student.
BADER: No, no, I was sponsored by the company. It was part of the Personnel Development Scheme.
MAURICE: And how was it?
BADER: Really good - very worthwhile and informative. I�d certainly recommend the company to keep on sending personnel on the course. Alternatively, they could perhaps approach the local university with a view to them setting up a similar program.
MAURICE: What was the course exactly?
BADER: Well, the official title was �Marketing Petroleum Products� and it dealt with things like Marine Sales, Sales Promotion and Advertising and Computers in Marketing. I suppose the standard of lecturing could have been better but, on the other hand, we had some goods group discussions and practical work. We made a couple of visits to Marketing Divisions of other companies and they were particularly valuable. I got a lot of good ideas, and I feel as if I�m really up-to date now.
MAURICE: But it wasn�t all work was it? What did you do in your free time?
BADER: Well, we had plenty of homework and private study to do, I did manage to fit in some sightseeing. I had a good look at baton rouge, but I thought that New Orleans was the most interesting city I visited.
MAURICE: And what about crime in America? Is it as bad as they say?
BADER: Look, Maurice, I�d like to stand here chatting to you, but my boss wants a memo on his desk with my comments about the course by yesterday morning. I really must dash. See you around!
b) Now plan Bader�s report for him. The topics to be covered are given below to assist you. What details should you select for inclusion in the report, given that it is Bader�s boss who wants his comments on the course?
1. General Description 3. Evaluation
2. Content 4. Recommendations
The next day the businessmen meet at Mr. Petrenko office and Mr. Cawston hands him over a copy of the Contract he has prepared.
Here is a part of the Contract .
International Management Ltd
Contract dated October 10, 2000
This contract is made between:
International Management Ltd, London, United Kingdom, hereinafter referred to as Organizer and Economtraining, Kyiv, Ukraine, hereinafter referred to as Customer.
This Contract concerns the Programme for a Group of 15 administrative managers and chief accountants ( the Participants ) from Ukraine as nominated by the Customer, scheduled to take place in London during 5 days in December, 2000� The exact dates are to be specified before November 10.
Both parties to this Contract are bound by the terms and conditions of the Contract as set out below.
Article 4. Undertakings by the Organizer
- The Organizer will provide Business Skills Courses during the Programme which will collectively amount to not less than 10 hours of intensive classroom tuition. Classroom tuition will take place on Training Days ( Mondays through Fridays ).
- Organizer will provide professional trainers to teach the Business Skills Courses who will have appropriate professional and academic experience and expertise.
- The Organizer will provide an appropriate conference room at the hotel in which the business Skills Courses will be conducted.
Active Vocabulary
the contract is made ����� �������� ���������
hereinafter �����, ���, �����
executive �������
to nominate ����������, ���������, ��������
both parties to the Contract ����� �������, �� ������ ����� ��������
as set out below �� ������� ���
undertaking ��������
tuition ��������
expertise ������
Useful ExpressionsContracts in export trade and ��������� � ���������
their performance ������ � �� ���������
To be in negotiation for ��������� ���������� ���
something ��-������
To make the necessary arrange- � �������� ����������
ments
�n consignment basis � � ������ �����������
To agree on (up) something � ���������� ��� ��-������
Specifications that may be ag- �����������, ��� �� �������
reed upon between the parties ������ ����������
This stipulation being of the ������� �� ����� � �������
essence of the contract� �������� ���������
Comprehension Questions
1. By what organization are any disputes arising out of the contract to be settled?
2. Have the parties the right to apply to a general low-court for settlement of their differences arising in connection with the contract?
ExercisesEx.1 . Put preposition or adverbs where it is necessary and
translate into Ukrainian:
1. The contract was signed � Mr. A.D.Brown � Messrs. Brown and Co., Ltd.
2. The contract � the sale � Wheat will be drawn � � our Brokers.
3. According � p.6 � our contract, you are to open a Letter of Credit � the National Bank, Limited � 10 days � the expected arrival � the steamer � the loading port.
4. Our requirements � the next 3 months are fully covered � the quantity purchased � you � Contract 50.
5. The Letter of Credit is to be established � the full value � each lot to be shipped �the contract.
6. The Buyers presented a claim � the Sellers � non- conformity � the goods � the contract specification.
7. All additions � the contract are to be made � writing and are to be duly signed � both parties.
8. The Buyers are not entitled to resell the goods sold � them � the present contract � a third country � sellers previous consent.
Ex.2. Complete the sentences and make similar ones :
1. This Contract concerns � Programme � as nominated by the Customer.
2. This Programme is scheduled to take � December, 2000 .
3. The Organizer will provide � Courses amounting to 10 hours of � tuition.
4. The tuition will be divided �
5. The exact dates are � November 10.
Ex.3. Translate into English:
� 12. Other Conditions
(1) Neither party is entitled their right and obligations under the present contract to third persons without a written consent thereto of the other party. Besides, Buyers are not entitled to resell or in any other way alienate the goods bought under this contract to any third country without Seller�s previous written consent.
(2) After the signing of the present contract all previous negotiations and correspondence between the parties in connections with it will be considered null and void.
(3) All amendments and additions to the present contract are valid only if they are made in writing and signed by both parties.
(4) All taxes, customs and others dues connected with the conclusion and fulfillment of the present contract, lived within Ukraine, except those connected with the Letter of Credit, to be paid by Sellers, and those lived outside Russia to be paid by Buyers.
(5) Ukraine is regarded as the place of conclusion and fulfillment of the contract.
Ex. 3
1 |
I WISH TO CONF OURTELCON OF TODAY RES A DBLE RM FOR THE NIGHT OF DEC 30 IN THE NAME OF ASSAF. |
2 |
WE CAN ASSURE YOU OF DEL OF YR ORDER NO 876G DURING THE FRST WK OF JUN. |
3 |
WE ARE AWAITING DEL OF INSTRUMENTS PROMISED FOR NOV 20. WE MUST HV THIS CONSIGNMENT IN OUR HANDS BFOR END OF THE WK, OR WE SHLL BE OBLIGED TO CANC THE ORDER. PLS INF US BY RETURN OF YR PROPOSED ACTION IN THIS MATTER. |
4 |
FUR TO OUR MTNG OF 2 APR, I AM PLSD TO INF YOU THAT OUR H.O. HAVE AGREED TO EXTEND YOU A PERSONAL LOAN OF UP TO 30 THOUSAND DLRS TO BE REPAID OVER A PERIOD OF THREE YRS AT AN INT RATE OF 14 PERCENT MAX. |
Ex. 4
OK TO GO AHEAD WITH EASTERN PROJECT, BUT WE MUST KEEP TOTAL COSTS UNDER FIFTY THOUSAND PNDS. DRAFT REPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE OUR LONDON OFF MAY 27. |
�WITH� could be omitted but the sentence is clearer if retained.
�UNDER� indicates total costs must be less than $ 50,000.
OUR SURVEY INDICATES TINTED GLASS MARKET INCREASE. WE THEREFORE PLAN TO LAUNCH PUBLICITY CAMPAIGN WITHIN TWO MTHS. PLS CONTACT ME TO ARRANGE MTG OFF ASAP. |
�WITHIN� remains to define the relationship between launching the campaign and two months.
Ex. 5
ACCORDING TO OUR ACCOUNTS, HAVE NOT YET RECEIVED YOUR RENEWAL FOR FREEDOM OF FRANCE MAGAZINE FOR 1998. YOU ARE ELIGIBLE FOR OUR SPECIAL TEN PERCENT DISCOUNT TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THREE YEARS STANDING, CONSEQUENTLY YOUR 1998 SUBSCRIPTION RATE REDUCED TO 270 FRANCS. WOULD APPRECIATE EARLY SETTLEMENT. |
Ex. 6
1. Bkd yr fight to Manchester, dpt Brussels 1230 Monday.
2. Pls infm yr reps.
3. Pls suggest suitable mtg date Aug/Sept.
4. Pls infm return date.
5. Madrid conf postponed.
6. Tks fr letter.
7. Can cfm yr order no 443/7 (550 rolls wire netting) sent 24th Nov.
8. Mtg Foster and Gamble Wed. Flying back Fri.
9. Consignmnt No. 441 sld arr Southampton M.S. Atlanta tomorrow.
10. Met Larwood yesterday. All OK.
Ex. 8
1. RE PROPOSED LUNCHEON; ON FLYING DUTCHMAN IN JUN; CAN CATER FOR TWENTY; SEND SAMPLE MENU IN FUT; RE PROPOSED TALK ON LIFE IN FRANCE; REGRET DO NOT NAVE SPACE TO ACCOMMODATE ONE HUNDRED; COULD ARR SPACE FOR FIFTY FOR ANN GEN MTG; PLEASE CONTACT ME FOR FURTHER DETAILS.
1. It is possible to arrange luncheon on FLYING DUTCHMAN for twenty in June.
Manu will be forwarded.
There is not enough space to accommodate 100 for proposed talk. It is possible to have 50 for Annual General Meeting.
Ex. 10
1. I AM ADVISED THAT PLASFIL CO EARLY THIS MONTH PRODUCED TWO DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE ON THE WAY TO TRIAL COUNSEL IN MUNICH AND THAT ADDITIONAL DOCS MAY BE SUPPLIED BY NOVEMBER 18. PLEASE CALL US WHEN YOU RECEIVE COPIES OF ABOVE TO DISCUSS THE APPROACH FOR RESPONSE TO COMPLAINT.
2. THIS IS TO CONFIRM MY UNDERSTANDING OF OUR TELEPHONE CONVERSATION. THE PURCHASE PRICE OF INDIVIDUAL SHARES WILL BE THE BOOK VALUE AT OCTOBER 31 OF YEAR PRECEDING PURCHASE, BUT WILL NOT EXCEED AMOUNT ORIGINALLY DISCUSSED. PLEASE NOTIFY US OF YOUR REQUIREMENTS.
2. IT IS URGENT YOU CALL THIS OFFICE WITHIN 48 HOURS CONCERNING YOUR DEFAULTED STUDENT LOAN. FAILURE TO PAY YOUR DEBT MAY RESULT IN ASSIGNMENT OF YOUR ACCOUNT TO UNITED STATES ATTORNEY. UNLESS THIS DEBT IS PAID IN FULL. ADMINISTRATION COSTS, ATTORNEY FEES AND COURT COSTS WILL BE ADDED TO THIS DEBT.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONNAIRE1 (i)(iv); 2 (iii); 3 (iii).
Ex. 11
1. RE: OURTELCON OCT 20 - DBLE RES FOR DON JACKSON HEREBY CONFIRM ABOVE RES FOR NIGHTS OF NOVEMBER 22 THRU NOVEMBER 25. WOULD APPRECIATE A QUIET ROOM IF POSSIBLE. PLEASE CONFIRM BY RETURN TELEX AND LET ME HAVE THE PRICE. REGARDS, ANN WILLIAMS, SECRETARY TO DON JACKSON
2. THNKS YRTLX CONCERNING RES IN NAME OF DON JACKSON FOR A DBLE RM FROM NOV 22 THRU NOV 25. HEREBY CONFIRM RESERVATION AT A PRICE OF 50 DLRS PER NIGHT. GUARANTEE A QUIET ROOM OPENING ON THE GARDEN. REGARDS, RITZ HOTEL
3. RE: STEEL RODS, REF NO 6753 WISH TO PLACE FIRM ORDER FOR 500 OF ABOVE ITEMS FOR DELIVERY NO LATER THAN END OF MAR. PLS NOTIFY US OF TERMS OF PAYMENT AND IF YOU PREFER A CHEQUE OR BANK TRANSFER. WLD APPRECIATE YR CONFIRMATION OF ABOVE. REGARDS, WHITELY BROS.
�
abandon - (v) �������, ���������, �����������;
abandon goods to the insurer -(v) ����������� �� ������ �� ������� ��������������.
abandonee [ `xbqndq`nJ ] - (n) �������������, �� ������� ����� �������� ������������� ������ ��� ����� ���� ����.
abbreviation [qbrJvi`eiSn] - (n) ����������, �� ��������� �� ����� �� � ������ �������.
ability-to-pay - ����������������;
ability-to-pay-taxation - ������������� �� ������ ����������������.
absorbed overhead - ������� �������.
abundance - (n) ��������, ���������, ��������.
acceleration clause - ����� ���������� ������� ������.
acceptance [qk`septqns] - (n) ������������ �������, ������, ������������, ����� �� ������ ��������, �������������, �������� ���������;
acceptance of bonds - ����������� ��������, ����� �� ��������.
access to market - ������ �� �����.
account [q'kaVnt] - (n) �������;
adjunct account ['xdZANkt] - ����������� �������; �������������� �������, ���� �������� ���������� �� ������ �������;
advance account - ������� �����;
advance report account - ��������� ���;
account day - ������������� ����;
account executive - ������;
account holding bank - ����, ���� ������ �������;
account of expenses - ������� ������;
account of charges - ������� ��������� ������;
account payable ledger - ����� �������, �������;
account receivable [rI'si:vqb(q)l] - ������� �������
(� ������ ), ���������� �������������;
account statement - ������� �� �������;
accounts department - ����������;
accounts payable - ������� ���������;
accounts receivable turnover - ���������� ������ �� ��������� �������;
approval of account - �������� ������� ����������;
assets account - ������� �������;
below-line balance account - �������������� �������;
blocked account - ����� �� ������ (���������� �������);
business account - ������� ��������� � ������ ������������ �������;
business saving account - ������� ������� ��� ������� ����������;
capital account - ������� �������;
charge account - ������ �� �������� ��������;
checking account - �������� ������� (� �����);
compound interest account - �������, �� ���� ������������� ��������, ������� �����;
credit account - ������� ������� (���������� ��� ������ ������ � ����������);
currency account - ������� ������;
current account - ������� �������� ��������;
debit account - ������� � ��������� ������, ������� ������;
deferred account - ������� � ������������ ����������� ���������;
fancy account - �������� �������;
frozen account - ����������� �������;
general account - ������� ������� ������������� �����;
giro account - ������� ������;
impersonal account - �������, �� �� �������� ��������� ����;
income statement account - �������������� �������, ������� �������� � ������;
inland account - ������� �������;
invalid account - �������, �� ���� ������ ����������� ��������;
interest - bearing transaction account - �������� ������� � �������� ��������;
movement of an account - �������� �� �������;
nominal account - �������� �������, �������-�������� �������;
noncheckable savings account - ���������� ������� �������;
outstanding account - �����������, ������������ �������;
overextended account - ������������ �������;
passbook savings account - ������� �������;
phoney account - �������� �������;
property account - ������� ���������� �����;
public account - ������� ���������� �������;
purchase on account - ������ � ������ ( �� ������� ��������);
reciprocal control account - ������� ������� �����;
received on account - �������� �� ������� ������� ����;
regular checking account - ��������� �������� �������;
reserve account - ��������� �������;
retail account - ��������� ������� (� �����);
revenue account - ������� ��������;
salary account - �������� �������;
saving account - ������� �����;
securities account - ������� ������ ������;
segregated account - ������� �������;
settlement account - ������������� �������;
statement of account - ������� ����������� ���������� ������� �볺���, ������� �� ��������;
statement of accounts - ��� ��� ���� �������;
stock account - ������� �������, ������� ������ ������;
subsidiary account - ��������� �������;
summary account - ���������� �������, ��������� ������;
suspense account - ������� �������� �������;
thrift account - ��������� ������� (� �����);
trade account receivable - ������� ���������� � ���������;
transaction account - �������� �������, ���������������� �������;
trust account - ������� (���������) �������;
unsettled account - ��������������� (�����������) �������;
valuation account - ������� ��������� �������;
wholesale account - ������� ������� � �����;
agree accounts - ����������� �������;
balance an account - ������������, �������� �������;
be in account with - ���� ������� � ����-������;
clean out an account - ����� �� ����� � �������;
clear an account - �������� �� ��������;
close an account - ������� ������� � �����;
draw up an account - �������� (����������) �������;
draw upon an account - ������ � �������;
make up an account - ������� �������, ���������� �������;
pass to the credit of account - �������� � ������ �������;
pay an account - ��������� �������;
pay into an account - �������� �� �������, ������� ��������� �� �������;
place to a person�s account - ������������ ������ �� �������;
run (up) an account - �������� ������� �� �������, �������� �� �������;
settle an account - �������� �������;
set up an account - ������� �������;
take accounts of the needs - ����������� �����;
withdraw from an account - ����� � �������.
accountancy [q'kaVntqnsI] - (n) �������������� ����.
accountant - (n) ������������ ���������;
accountant in charge - �������� ���������;
certificated accountant - ������������ ���������;
certified public accountant - ������������ ��������� ���� �������;
chartered accountant - ������������� ���������;
chief accountant- �������� ���������;
chief managerial accountant - �������� ���������-���������, ��������-���������;
general accountant - �������� ���������;
office accountant - �������� ���������.
accounting - �������������� ����, ����� ���������� ��������.
accounting cost - ������������ (��������) �������;
accounting conventions - ������������ ����������;
accounting equation - ��������� ������� ;
accounting money - �������� �����;
accounting records - ������������ �������;
accounting spread - ������������� ������;
accounting valuation - ������ ������� �� ������� � ������������� ����;
accrual accounting - �������������� ���� �������� �� ������ ����������;
activity accounting - �������������� �������������� ����;
administrating accounting - ����������� ����, ��������� � ��������� ���������;
cost accounting - ��������� ����������;
current accounting - ������� �������;
distribution cost accounting - ���� ������ � ������;
full-cost accounting - ��������� ���� �� ������ �������;
national economic accounting - ������� ������������ �������;
national income accounting - ��������� ������������ �������;
replacement-cost accounting - �������������� ������� � �������� �����;
social accounting - ��� ������� ��� ������� �� �������� �������;
store accounting - �������������� ���� ������.
accredit - (v) ������������, �����������, �������� �� �������.
accretion - (n) ������, �����������;
accretion to the capital - ������ ������� �������.
accrual [q'krVql] - (n) �����������.
accrue [q'kru:] - (v) ����������, ������������;
accrued interest - ��������� ��������;
accrued (accumulated) depreciation [dI"pri:SI'eIS(q)n] - ����������� ������������ ���������, �������������� ������.
accumulate [q'kju:mjVleIt] - (v) ������������, ��������������.
accumulation - (n) �������������, ����������.
acknowledge - (v) ������������� ���������.
acknowledgement of debt - ������������ �����.
acknowledgement of receipt - ������� ����������� ��� ���������.
adjustment - (n) ����������� (���������), �������������.
advance [qd'vQ:ns] - (n) ���, ��������� (���), �����, ������; (�) �����������;
advance of capital - ������� (�������) �������;
advance of living standard - ��������� �������� ����;
advance of wages - ��������� �������� �����.
advance-decline theory - ����� ��������� � ������.
advanced economy - �������� ���������� ��������� �����.
advice book - ������� ����.
advice note - �����������.
advise - (v) ��������.
adjustable pegs - �������� �������� �����.
adjusting entries - ��������� ������.
affiliated members - �����.
affix - (v) ����������, ��������� (�����).
aggravation ["xgrq'veIS(q)n] - (n) ���������.
aggregate ['xgrIgIt] - (v) ��������� ������; (�) ��������, �������; (n) ���������;
aggregate capital - �������� ������;
aggregate expenditures - ������� (������) �������;
aggregate social product - �������� (���������) �������.
agio - (n) ��i�, ������ �� ������� �����.
allege [q'ledZ] - (v) ���������� (��), ������������ (��, ���).
allocation - (n) ���������, �������, �����������.
allocative factor - ������ ��������.
allowance [q'laVqns] - (n) �����������, ������, �����;
allowance for depreciation - ������ �� ����.
allowances - �������� �� �������� �����.
amortization [q"mO:taI'zeIS(q)n] - (n) �����������, ��������� �������� �����.
amortize [q'mO:taIz] - (v) ������������, ��������� ���� � ������.
annuity [q'nju:ItI] - �����, ������ �����, ����������� �����.
anticipated inflation - ��������� ��������.
appeal [q'pi:l] - (v) ���������, �������� ������; (n) ��������, ����������.
applicant ['xplIkqnt] - (n) ��������, ������, ��������, ����������.
application ["xplI'keIS(q)n] - (n) ����������, �����, ��������, ������������;
application money - ���� �������;
application for the position - ����� ��� ����������� �� ������;
application form - ����������, ����� ���������� (����������� �����, ���� ������������, ���� ���������� ���� ������).
appraisal [q`preizql] - ��������� ������ (������ ������ �� ���������� �� ������ ��������).
appreciation [qprJSi`eISqn] - (n) ��������� �������, ������������, ������ ������� ��������� �������;
appreciation of goods - ��������� ������� ������, ���������� ������;
appreciation of the dollar - ��������� ����� ������.
appropriate [q`proVprieit] - (v) ����������, �������������, ������� (������, �����).
appropriation request - ����� ��� �����������.
assess [q'ses] - (v) ��������� ��������, ��������� �����.
assessment - (n) ������ (�����), �������������.
ask-bid system - ������� ������������ � ������������ ����.
assets ['xset] - (n) ������ (�������), ����� ������������� ��������, ������, �����, ������, �����;
asset demand for money - ����� �� ����� � ������� ������;
active assets - �����, �� ����������� � ����;
available assets - ���� ������ (������ ���� ������ ��� ����������);
capital assets - �������� ������;
circulating assets - ������� �����;
current assets - ������� �����, ������� �����;
deferred assets - ������� ������� (�����������), ������ �������� ����;
extra circulating assets - ��������� ������;
fixed assets - ������ ������, �������� ������, �������� �����;
illiquid assets - ������� ������;
intangible assets [In'txndZqb(q)l] - ����������� ������;
liquid assets - ����� (��������������, ������) ������;
real assets - ����������;
revaluation of assets - ���������� ������� ������;
tangible assets - ��������� ������;
total assets - �������� ������� �����, ���� �������.
assignment form (notice) - ����������� ��� ������� �������� �� ���� ������.
at an early date - ���������� �����.
at par - �� �������� ( �������� ��� ����������� �����, ������� ��� ��������� �� ������ ���������� �������).
attested by the signature - �������� �������.
audit ['O:dIt] - (n) ����� ������������ ��������, ��������, �����; (v) ���������, ��������� �����;
annual audit - ����� ����� ���������� ��������;
associated audit - ����������� ���������� ���������;
bank audit - ����� ��������� �������;
detailed audit - ����� ����� (������� ����, ������� �� ������);
field audit - ����� �� ����, ����� �����;
interim audit - �������� ����� (������������ ��������).
audit the accounts - ��������� ����� �������.
auditing expenses - ������� � ���糿 (������ �������).
authorised share capital - ���������� ����������� ������.
authorised stock - ���������� ����������� ������.
aval - (n) ����� (������� ����� � ������ ��������� �����������).
average - (n) ������ �����;
average down - ����������� � ��� �������� �����;
average revenue - ������� ������� (������);
average tax rate - ������� ������ �������������;
average up - ����������� � ��� ��������� �����.
aversion to risk - ����������� ������.
B
backer - (n) ��������, ������.
backing - (n) ������������, �����������, ��������, �������, ����������.
backdating - (n) ��������� ������� ������.
ballot period - ����� ������.
balance - (n) ������ (������ �� ����� ������ �� ������� � �������� �������), ���� �������; (v) ����������, �������� �������;
balance book - ������������� ��������� �����;
balance of claims and liabilities - ������������� ������, ������ ����� � ����������;
balance of current accounts - ������ �������� ��������;
balance of payments - �������� ������;
balance of payments deficit - ������ ��������� �������;
balance of the capital account - ������ ���������� �������;
balance sheet - ������ (��� ��� ��������� ����);
balance sheet account - ���������� �������, ������ ��������������� �������;
balance sheet assets - ��������� ������� ������;
balance sheet audit - ����� �������;
balance sheet equation [I'kweIZ(q)n] - ��������� �������;
balance sheet ratios - �������� ���������;
adjusted debit balance - ������������ �������� ������;
bank balance - ������ �����;
capital balance - ������ ���������� �������;
closing balance - ������� �� ������� �� ����� ���, ������� ������� (������);
composite balance sheet - �������� ������;
consolidated balance sheet - �������� ������;
credit balance - ��������� ������;
demand balance - ������� �������� ������ (�� ��������� �������);
favourable balance - �������� (�����������) (��������) ������;
foreign balance -�������� ������;
interium balance - ������� ������;
interesectoral balance - ����������� ������;
opening balance - ������� �� ������� �� ������� ���;
overall balance - ���������� ������;
preliminary trial balance - ��������� �������������� ������;
trade balance - �������� ������;
transfer of balance - ������� ������;
trial balance - ������� ������;
unfavourable balance - �������� ������;
visible balance - ������ �������;
strike a balance - �������� (��������) ������;
balancing - (n) ������������, ��������� �������.
bankrupt ['bxNkrApt] - (n) �������; (v) �������� �� �����������; (�) �����������������.
bank accommodation - ������� ������.
bankers bank - ���� ����� (����, ���� ������ ������ ���������� ��������� � ���� �� ������).
bank cost accounting - ����� ���������� �������� �����.
bank statement - ��� �����.
bank transfer / remittance - ���������� �������.
banking by mail - �������� �������� ������.
bargaining - (n) ������� ����������, ��������� �����, ����.
barrier to entry - ���� �� ����� �� ������ � ������.
barter - (n) �������� �������.
bearer ['be(q)rq] - (n) �������, ��������� (���������, ����);
bearer security - ������ ���� �� ����������.
behaviour [bI'heIvIq] - (n) �������� (���������� ��������).
benefit in kind - ���������� ��������.
benefit-cost analysis - ����� ������ � �����.
bid and ask - ������� � �������� ����.
bid and asked quotation (quote) - ���� ������� � ��������.
bill - ��������;
bill discount - ���� �������;
bill of credit - ���������;
bill of exchange - ��������� ������� (������);
bill of parcels - �������, ��������;
bill of payable - ������� �� ������;
bill of sale - �����, ��������;
cancel bill - ��������� �������;
settle a bill - �������� �� ��������;
blank - (n) �����; (a) ������, ������;
blank bill - ��������� �������;
blank transfer - ��������� ���������, (�������� �������� ���� �������� �� �����).
block - (n) �����.
board lot - ����� �� ������.
board of directors - ���� ���������.
bond (mortgage ) - (n) ��������, ��������;
bond broker - ������ �� ��������� � ����������;
bond indenture - ����������� ��������;
bond rate - ���� ��������;
bearer bond ['be(q)rq] - �������� �� ����������;
perpetual bond - ����������� ��������.
bonus ['bqVnqs] - (n) �����, ������� �� �������� �����;
bonus fund - ���������� ����.
book - (n) ������������� �����; (v) �������� �� �����, ����������, ���������;
book cost - ��������� �������;
book inventory - ��������� (��������) ������ (���� ������� �������� �� �����);
book of accounts - ����� �������;
book of final entry - ����� (�����) �������� ������;
book of original entry - ����� (�����) ���������� ������;
book value - ��������� �������, ���� ������ ����;
book value of equity - ��������� (�������������) ������� ���������� �������.
bookkeeping - (n) �����������.
borrowing - (n) �����������, ������;
borrowing costs - ������� �� ��������;
borrowing power of securities - ������������������ ������ ������.
borrowed finances - ������� �����.
bought day book - ������� ����� (�����) �������.
bought ledger ['ledZq] - ����� (�����) �������.
brand - (n) ������� �����;
brand loyalty - �����������(����������) �� ������� �����.
break-even analysis - ����� �������������.
brokage - (n) ������� ��������, ����� (����� ��� ��������� ������).
brokerage ['brqVk(q)rIdZ] - (n) ��������� ��������.
bucket shop - ��������� ����.
budget ['bAdZIt] - (n) ������, ��������� ��������; (v) ����������;
actual budget - ��������� (��������) ������;
annually balanced budget - ������������� ����� ������;
budget deficit - ��������� ������;
budget restraint [rI'streInt] - ���� ���������� �������;
approve the budget - �������� ������.
budgetary ['bAdZIt(q)rI] - (a) ���������, ������������ ��������.
budgeting [ 'bAdZItIN ] - (n) ������������.
budgeted cost - ������� �������.
budgeted statements - ������� ����.
bulk reduction - ������ �� ��������� �������� ����������.
bullion ['bVljqn] - (n) ������ ������ ��� �����, ����� ��� ���� ������, �� ���������� �� ����.
burden ['bWdn] - (n) ������� �������.
business - (n) ��������� ��������, ����������, �ᒺ� �����������;
be out of business - �������������;
business day - ����������� ����;
business economy - ������������ ��������;
business loss - �������� ����� ���������;
business paper - �������������� ��������;
business transaction [trxn'zxkS(q)n] - ������������ ��������;
buy low - ������ ������;
buyers� over - ����� �� ������� �������� (����������� ������ ��� �����������).
C
cable - (n) ���������.
call provision - ����� ������������ ������.
c a ncellation - ����������, �����.
cancelled cheque - ����������� ���.
capital (n) - ������, ���������, �����;
capital budget - ������ ���������� ��������;
capital budgeting - �������� ����������;
capital expenditures - ����������������, ����������;
capital impairment - ����������� �������;
capital investment - ������� ����������;
capital - intensive commodity - ������������� �����;
capital flight - ���� �������;
capital gain - ������ ������� �������;
capital gains - ������ �� ������� �������;
capital goods - ����������� ������;
capital outflow - ���� �������;
capital reserve [rI'zWv] - ��������� ������;
capital surplus ['sWplqs] - ���������� ������;
called up capital - ���������� ������� �������;
venture capital - ��������� � ������� ������, ������������� ������;
stock (share) capital - ����������� ������.
capitalization - (n) �����������, ������������ �� ������.
cash - (n) �����, ������; (v) ���������, ����������;
cash assets - ������ ������;
cash audit - ����� ������� �������;
cash book - ����� ����� �����, ������ �����;
cash budget - ������ ����� (�������� ��������, �� �������� ������� ����������� �����);
cash balance - ������ �������� (������);
cash card - ������� ������;
cash credit - ������ ������� (���������);
cash dispenser - �������, �� ���� ������;
cash dividend - �������� �������;
cash flow - �������� ����;
cash flow statement - ��� ��� ��� �������� �����;
cash flow yield - �������� � ������ ������;
cash in hand - ������;
cash in transit - ����� � �����;
cash payment journal ['dZWn(q)l] - ������ �������� �������;
cash purchase ['pWtSIs] - ������ �� ������;
cash receipts journal - ������ �������� ����������;
cash sale - ������ �� ������;
cash transaction - ������ ������;
cash with order - ������� ���������, ������������ ������;
non-cash / clearing transaction - ������������ ����������;
outcoming cash - �����, �� ������������ �� ����;
payment spot cash - ������� ������ �������;
petty cash - ���� �����, ������� ������;
spot cash - ������� ������ �������;
valt cash [`vLlt] - ������ ������.
certificate of indebtedness - ��������� �������������.
certificated copy - ������� ����.
certificated security - ���������� ������ ����.
certified check - ���������� ��� (���, ������������ ������).
chairman�s statement - ��� ������.
change in quantity supplied - ���� �������� ����������.
charge [tSQ:dZ] - (n) ����, �������, �����������, �����������; (p1) �������; (v) ��������, ���������� ����.
charge off - ������� (�������� ������� ������ �� ������� ������� ������).
chargeable accounting period - ������������� �������� ����� (����� ����, ���� ��������������� ��� ���������� ��������, �� ������ �������������).
chargeable assets - ������, �� ��������� �������������.
chargeable gain - ������������� ���������� ��������.
chargeable event - ����, ��������� � ��������������.
chargeable transfer - ������������� �������.
charitable contribution - ���������� ������.
charity accounts - �������� �������.
chart of accounts - ���� �������.
charter - ������ (��������, ��������� � ������� � ������������� � ���������� ������).
chaser - (n) ����� (syn. enquire).
cheap money - �����, �� ����� ������ ��������� ����.
checking account money - ����� �� ��������� �������.
cheque (check) - (n) ���������� ���;
cheque guarantee cards - ������, �� ���������� ���;
cheque payable to a named person - ������� ���.
claim - (n) ����������, ��������.
clause [klO:z] - (n)������, �����, �������� (� �������).
clearing - (n) ������������ ���;
clearing house funds - ����������� ������.
clerical ['klerIk(q)l] - (a) �������������.
closing entries - ����� ������.
closing stock (inventory) - ������� �����.
coin - (n) ������; (v) �������� ������.
coinage ['kOInIdZ] - (n) ������� �����, ������� �������.
coined gold - ����� ������.
collateral [kq'lxt(q)rql] - (n) ������� (������, �� � ������������� ��������� �����).
collection - (n) ������ (��������� ��������);
collection order - �������� ���������;
collection of checks - ������ ����;
collection period - ����� ���������.
come into possession - �������� (����).
command of high price - ��������� �� ������� �����.
command at the market - ������������ �����, ������������� �� �����.
command a ready sale - ����� �����������.
command finance - �������������� ��������.
commercial bank - ����������� ����.
commitment - (n) �����������.
commodity - (n) �����, ������� (�������� ������), �������.
common equity - ������ � ���� ��������� �����.
complementary goods - �������� (���������� �����).
complimentary close - �������� ����� ( � ����).
comply with request - ������������ ��������.
competitive list - ���������� ���� (��������, ���� ���������� ���������� ��� �����, ����, ����� ��� ���������).
competitive pricing - ����������� �������������.
confirmation ["kPnfq'meIS(q)n] - (n) ������������.
consignment note - ����������� ��������.
consumer goods (commodities) - �������� �������� ������.
consumption [kqn'sAmpS(q)n] - (n) ����������;
consumption forecast - �������� ������.
contention - (n) ����������, �����.
contingent - (a) ���������, ������������� (����).
conversion - (n) �������� (������ ����� ������������� ������ ������ �� ����).
convertibles - (n) ����������� ���� ������.
convertible securities - ����������� ���� ������.
co-product - ����������.
corporate income tax - ������� �� �������� ����������.
cost [kPst] - (n) ����, �������; (v) ���������;
cost absorption - ���������� ������;
cost accounting - ���������� ���� (���� ������);
cost accumulation - ������������ (�����������) ������;
cost allocation - ������� ������;
cost behaviour - �������� ������, ���������� ������ �� ������ �� ��������� ������� ���������� � ���������, ����������� ��� ���� ���������;
cost benefit analysis - ����� ������ � �����;
cost driver - ������ ������ ( ��������, ��� ������ �� ������� � ������� �������� �� ����);
cost ledger - ����� ������;
cost method -����� ����������;
cost objectives - �ᒺ��� ������;
cost of goods sold - ���������� ���������� ���������;
cost pool [pu:l] - �ᒺ������ ������ (������������ ��������� ������ � ����� ������������ �ᒺ��� ������);
cost prediction - ������������ ������;
cost sheet - ������� ������;
cost variance - ��������� ������ (������ �� ��������� ��������� � ����������� ������);
cost ration - ������������ ������ �����������;
allocated costs - �������� �������;
average fixed cost - ������ ������ �������;
avoidable cost - �������, ���� ����� ��������;
capital costs - ������� ��������� �������;
carrying cost - ������� �� ����������;
decreasing costs -�������� �������;
depreciated cost - ��������� �������;
distribution costs - ������� ����;
explicit costs - ������ �������, ������� �������, ������ �������;
fixed costs - ������� (������) �������;
implicit costs - ������� (�����) �������;
incremental costs - �������� �������;
least cost - � ���������� ���������;
production costs - ������� �����������;
residual costs - ��������� �������;
selling costs - ������� ���������;
spillover cost ['spIl"qVvq] - ������� ��������, ����� �������;
total cost - ������ (�������) �������;
variable capital costs - ������� ������� �������.
cover - (v) ���������, �������������, ����������;
cover note - �����������;
cover of money - ������������ ������ (��������, �����������).
coupon - ����� (�������� ����� ������� ������);
coupon rate - ������� ������.
credit - (n) ������, (����� ������� ��������������� �������, ��������� �� ����� ��������� ������, ������ �� ����������� ��������� �������������; (v) �����������;
back - to - back credit - �������������� ���������;
external (trade) credit - �������������������� ������;
investment credit - ������ ��� ����������� �������������� ��������;
long-term credit - �������������� ������;
paper credit - ���������� ������;
target credit - �������� ������.
crediting - �����������.
creditor - ��������.
currency ['kArqnsI] - (n) �����, ������; �������� ���; (a) ��������, �������;
currency clause - ������� ����������.
currency note - �������� ����;
base currency - ������� ������ (�� ��������� �� ��� ����������� ���� ������);
convertible currency - ������������ ������.
current maturity - �������� ����� �� ���������.
curriculum vitae - �����������.
cutback - (n) ��������, ����������; (v) ���������, �����������, ���������� ������� ������.
cut off procedure - ��������� �������� ������, ��������� �������� ������� ��������������� ����� (�� ���� ���������� ���糿).
D
day book - ����� ��� ������ ���������.
days payable outstanding - ����� ��������� ������� �� ������.
dayted date - ���������� ����.
dead line - ������� �����.
dead loss - ���� �������.
dear money - ����� � ������� ���������� �����������.
debenture [dI'bentSq] - (n) �������� ���������� �������, ���������, ������� ��������.
debit - (n) ����� (����� � ��������������� �������, �� ���� ������ ����������� ) ; (v) ������� � �����;
debit card - �������� ������;
debit transfer - ��������� ���������� ��������;
debt [det] - (n) �������������;
debt capacity - ���������� ����� �����;
debt receivable - ���������� �������������;
bad debt - ���������� ���� (� ������� ���������� �������������);
bad debt recovered - ������������ ��������� �������������;
external debt - ������� ����;
floating debt - ������� �������������;
internally held public debt - �������� ��������� ����;
priority of debts - ��������� ����� �����;
public debt - ��������� ����;
meet debts - ��������� �����;
run into debt - ������ � ����;
settle debt - �������� ����.
debtor - (n) �������, ������, �������� ������� �������.
declaring of goods - ������������ ������.
decline the claim - �������� ��������.
declining industry - ������, ��� �������� �������.
deduct [dI'dAkt] - (v) ������������, ����������.
deduction [dI'dAkS(q)n] - (n) ����������� (���).
default [dI'fO:lt] - (n) ����������� ��������, ��������.
deflation - (n) �������� (�������� ���������� ���� ��� � ��������).
deficit ['defIsIt] - (n) ������, ���������.
deficit of current accounts - ������ �������� ������ ��������� �������.
defeasance [dI'fi:z(q)ns] - (n) ����� ��� ����������.
deferment - (n) ������, ����������.
delay [dI'leI] - (n) ��������;
delayed call - ��������, ��������� ������ ������;
delayed opening - ��������� ��������� ��������.
demand [dI'mQ:nd] - (n) �����, ������, �������, ����� (�� �����); (v) ��������;
demand curve - ����� ������;
demand for advances - ����� �� ������:
demand schedule - ����� ������;
demand-pull inflation - �������� ������.
deposit [dI'pPzIt] - (n) �������, ������, ������������ ������� ������;
deposit book - ��������� ������, ������ ������;
checkable deposit - ������� �����;
demand deposit -������������ �����;
saving deposit - ������� ������;
time deposit - ��������� ������.
depository institution - ���������� ������.
depreciate [dI'pri:SIeIt] - (v) �����������, ������ � ��� (��� ������, ����.).
depreciation [dI"pri:SI'eIS(q)n] - (n) �������� �������, ����������;
depreciation charges - ������������ �����������;
depreciation of the dollar - ������������ ������.
depression - (n) �������, �����, �������� ��������.
deregulation - (n) ������������� (���������� ��������� ������� � ��������, �������� ����������� �����).
devaluation [di:"vxljV'eIS(q)n] - (n) �����������, ����������.
devalue - (v) �����������.
deviation ["di:vI'eIS(q)n] - (n) ���������.
die production - ����������� �����.
dies [`daiz] - (n) ������, �����, �����.
differentiated product - ���������������� �����.
diminishing - (a) �������;
diminishing balance method - ������������� ���������� �����.
discharge - (v) ��������, ����� � ������.
diseconomy - (n) ������, ���������� ���������� �����.
discount [`diskaunt] - (n) ������� �������, ������� ��������, ������;
discount rate - ������ �������������, ������� ������.
discounting - (n) ������������� ������, ���������� �� ������� �������.
discrepancy [dIs'krep(q)nsI] - (n) �����������, ������������, ������.
discretion [dIs'kreS(q)n] - (n) ������, ��������, ������;
to the discretion of somebody - �� ����� ������.
dishonour [dIs'Pnq] - (n) ��������, ��������.
disposables - (n) ������ ������������� ������.
disposal [dIs'pqVz(q)l] - (n) ��������, ������, �������������.
distributed profit - ������� (������� �������� ������������ ����������).
dividend � ( n ) ������� (������� �������� ������������ ����������).
documentary encashment (collection) - ������������� ������.
dollar shortage - ������� ������.
down payment - ����� ������, �����.
draft [drQ:ft] - (n) ������ (��������� ����� ��������� ��������� �������� ����� ���� ����� ����), ����, ���;
bank draft - ������.
draw up - (v) �������� (��������).
draw (a draft) on smb . - ��������� (������).
draw up the budget - ���������� ������.
dual currency bond - ���������� ��������.
due bill - �������, ���� ����� ��������.
due bill check - ��� �� ������ �������� �� ��������.
due interest - �������, ��������� �� ������.
dumping ['dAmpIN] - (n) ������ (������ � ����� ���� ������ ����� �� ����������).
durable ['djV(q)rqbl] - (a) ��������������;
durable good - ����� ��������������� ������������.
durability (longevity) - �����������.
E
earn � ( v ) ���������, ���������� ��������.
earnest money - ��������.
earnings - ��������, �������� �����, �����������.
easy money (cheap money) - �������� �����, � ������� ���������� �����������.
econometrics - (n) ������������, ����������.
economic(al) advance - ���������� �������.
economic(al) balance - ��������� ��������.
economic encouragement - ��������� ������������.
economic growth - ���������� ���.
economic perspective - ��������� ������������.
economics - (n) �������� (��������� � ������� ���������), ��������� ������ �����.
economy - (n) �������� (������� ������������), �������� (�� ������� �����);
economy of scale - �������, ��������� ������ �������� �����������;
economy of scarcity - �������� ��������.
effective yield - �������� ��������.
effective money - �����, �� � ��������.
effect payment - ���������� �����.
elude [I'lu:d] � ( v ) ���������, �������.
emergency funds - ��������� ������� �����.
encashment - (n) ���������.
enclose with (in) a letter - �������� �� �����.
enclosure [In'klqVZq] - (n) ������� (�� �����).
encumbrance - [In'kAmbrqns] - (n) ����, �����������.
endow [In'daV] - (v) ������������� �������� ���������, ���������� �������������, ������ ������.
endowment - (n) �����, �������������;
initial endowment - ���������� �����.
enquire [In'kwaIq] - (n) �����.
enter a sum to a person�s account - ������������ ���� �� ������� �����.
entrepreneur - (n) ���������.
entitlement [In'taItlmqnt] - (n) �����; ��������, ���� ���� �����.
entrepreneurial ability - ������������� ����.
entry ['entrI] - (n) �����.
equalizing differences ["i:kwqlaI'ziN] - ����������� ��������� (� ����� �����).
equation [I'kweIZ(q)n] - (n) �������, ��������������.
equilibrium ["i:kwI'lIbrIqm] - (n) ��������;
equilibrium price - ���� ��������.
equity ['ekwItI] - (n) ������� ������, ����������� ������, ����� ������� �������, �������� �����, �������� ������� ������ �����;
equity capital - ������ � ���� �����;
equity fund - ����������� ����.
estimate ['estImIt] - (n) �������� (calculation); (v) ���������;
estimate assessment - ���������� ������.
excess [Ik'ses, 'ekses] - (n) ��������, �����, �����������;
excess demand - ��������� �����;
excess profits duty (tax) - ������� �� ������ �������;
excess reserves - ������ �������.
excise tax (duty) [Ik'saIz] - �������� ���.
exchange [Iks'tSeIndZ] - (n) ����, ���� ������, �������� ������; (v) ���������;
exchange goods - ����� ������;
exchange rate - �������� ����;
exchange rate appreciation - ��������� �����;
exchange rate depreciation [dI"pri:SI'eIS(q)n] - �������� ��������� �����.
execute payment - ���������� �����.
exempt from taxes - ��������� �� �������.
expand one�s trade - ��������� �������.
expanding economy - ��������, �� �����������.
expansion - (n) ����������, ��������� (���������, ��������� �������).
expenditure [Ik'spendItSq] - (n) �������, �������, ����������;
exhaustive expenditures - ������� �������.
expense [Ik'spens] - (n) �������, �������;
budgeted expenses - ��������� �������;
bear expenses - ����� �������, ���������;
handling expenses - ������� �� ������� ���������;
overhead expenses - ������� �������.
expensive - (a) �������.
export duty - ������ ����.
export rebates - �������� ������.
exposure [Ik'spqVZq] - (n) ��������� ������.
F
face - (a) ���������� (��� ����, �������);
face value (nominal value) - ��������� �������, ��������� �� ����� �� �������, ��������� � $ � ������.
facility - (n) �����, �������.
failure ['feIljq] - (n) ������������������, �����������.
fee [fi:] - (n) �����, ����������, �������;
fee goods - ������ (����������) �����.
feed back effect - ������ ���������� ������.
figure of merit - �������� �����.
file [faIl] - (v) ����������, ��������, ������������ (��������); ������� � �����.
final goods - ����� ������.
finance [faI'nxns] - (n) ������, ��������; (v) ����������, ��������� ���������� ����������;
finance bill - ��������� �������;
finance indexation ["Indek'seIS(q)n] - ��������� ��������;
finance house - �������� ����������� ����.
financial adviser - ��������� ������, �����������.
financial year - ������ ��.
fine - (n) ����.
find a market -������������� �������.
finished product - ������� �������.
fiscal - (a) ���������, ���������, ���������; (n) ��������, ���������� ���������;
fiscal law - ���������� �����;
fiscal policy - ��������-�������� �������;
fiscal year - ��������� ��, ������ ��.
fire ['faIq] - (v) �������� � ������.
first line reserves - ������ �������.
fixed capital - �������� ������, ������ �����.
fixed resource - �������� ������.
flat - (a) ������� (�������), �����������, ��������� (��� ����), �����������;
flat salary - �����, ������, �������� �����;
flat yield - �������� �������� � ������ ������;
flexibility - (n) ��������.
float [flqVt] - (n) �����, ���� � ������ ��������� � ������ ����������� �������; (n) �������� (�����), �������� ���� ������.
floor principle - ������� ���������� ������ ������.
fluctuation - (n) ��������� ���.
forced liquidation - �������� ������ (������ ������).
forward ['fO:wqd] - (v) ����������, ����������.
fringe benefits [frIndZ] - �������� �������.
fund - (n) �����, ������, ����, ������; (v) �������� ����� � ������� ���� ������.
funding - (n) �����������, �������� �����.
funds - (n) �����, ���� ������, ����� ������.
G
gain - (n) ��������, ��������, ������, �������; (v) ���� (��������) ��������.
gainful - (a) ����������� (��� ����������).
gaining - (n) ��������, ��������.
gamble ['gxmb(q)l] - (n) �������� ������; (v) ����������� (�� ���).
gat of use - �������� ������������.
giroform - (n) �������� ���.
give formal notice of claim - ������� �������.
give notice - ���������, ������� �� �����.
gold - (n) ������, ����� � �������� ����������������� ���������;
gold backing of currency - ������ ������������ ������;
gold standard - ������ ����������� �����.
good will - (n) ��������� � ������ ����.
government purchases - ������� �������.
grant an advance - ������ ��������, ����������� �����.
gross - (a) �������, �ᒺ����, ��������;
gross national product - ������� ������������ �������;
gross payroll - ���� �������� �����.
growth acceleration - ����������� ����������� �����.
guiding function of price - ��������� ������� ����.
H
hazard ['hxzqd] - (n) �����, ������������, ���������.
herewith - � ��� ������, ��� �����.
hire ['haIq] - (v) ������� �� ������.
holder - (n) ��������� (����).
honor (honour) ['Pnq] - (v) �����������, ����������, �������� ������.
I
illegal conduct - ��������� ��������.
impost - (n) ����, ���.
imprest - (n) �����, ������� ����.
income - (n) ��������, ������ �������, �����������, ��������;
income liable to tax - ��������, ���� ��������������;
income per head - �������� �� ���� ���������;
deferred income - �������� �������� ����;
disposable income - �������� ���� ������ �������;
gross income - ������� ��������;
interest income - �������� � ������ ��������;
mean income - ������� ��������;
personal income - ��������� ��������;
preference income - ��������� ������� �� ��������;
taxable income - ��������������� ��������.
incentive function of price - ���������� ������� ����.
incoming - (a) ������� (��������).
increment ['INkrImqnt] - (n) ������ (���������), ��������, �������� �� ��������.
incur losses - ������� ������, ����� ������.
indebtedness - (n) �������������.
indemnity - (n) �����������, ������������.
indent - (n) ���������� (��������� ��-�� �������).
indenture [In'dentSq] - (n) ���������� �����, ��������.
individual supply - ������������ ����������.
in duplicate - � ���� �����������.
inferior good - ����� ������� �a�����, ����� ����� �������, ����������� (��������) �����.
inflation - (n) ��������, ���������� ������.
information accumulation - ��� �����, ����������.
infringe [In'frIndZ] - (v) ����������.
inpayments - (n) ������ ������ �����������.
input - (n) ������ (������ �����������).
inputs - (n) ������� (������� �����������).
in quadruplicate - � �������� �����������.
inquiry [In'kwaI(q)rI] - (n) �����, ������.
insolvency - (n) ������������������, �����������.
insolvent [In'sPlvqnt] - (n) �������, �����������������.
installment [In'stO:lmqnt] - (n) ��������� ������ ��� ������ ����� � ���������� �������.
insurance [In'SV(q)rqns] - (n) �����������, �������� �����, ������� ������;
insurance appraisal - �������� ������;
insurance liability - �������� �������������.
intangibles [In'txndZqb(q)lz] - (n) ����������� ������.
interest - (n) ������� (����� �� ������������ ������), ������, �������������, ������ (����������);
interest -free - �������������;
interest rate - ��������� ������;
long interest - �������� ���� ������ ������, ��� � � �������� ������.
internal funds - ����� �����.
intertemporal economy - �������� ��������.
in triplicate - � ����� �����������.
inventory [�in v q ntri] - (n) ������, ��������, ������ � ��������; �e������.
investment [in�vestment] - (n) ��������� �������.
invisibles - (n) ������� ����� (��������� �������).
invoice - (n) �������, �������; (v) �������� �������, �������;
invoice cost - �������� �������;
invoice-licence - �������-������;
multiply-line invoice - ��������������� �������;
outstanding invoice - ����������� �������;
proforma invoice - ��������� (���������) �������.
irrevocable [I'revqkqb(q)l] - (a) �����������, ��������, �������������.
issue ['Isju:] - (n) ���� ������ (������ � ��� �������� ����� � ��� ������).
issuing office - ���� �������� ���������.
itemize ['aItqmaIz] - (v) ������������ �� �������, ���������� �� �������.
J
job cost sheet - ������� �������� ������.
join - (v) �������� ������ � �������.
join-stock company - ���������� �������.
join venture - ������ ����������.
K
keep accounts - ����� ������� (������������� �����).
keep capital intact - �������� �������� ������� ��������.
L
labour exchange - ���� �����.
labour - intensive commodity - ����������� �����.
labour productivity - ������������� �����.
launder ['lO:ndq] - (v) �������� (�����), ����������� ������ �������.
layout - (n) ��������� ������ (�� ������, � ������� ����).
leaflet - (n) ��������� ��������.
leakage ['li:kIdZ] - (n) ����.
lease [li:s] - (n) ������, ���;
lease - back - ������ ���������� � ���������� ����� � ������;
lease of assets - ������ ������.
ledger ['ledZq] - (n) ������� �����.
legal restriction - ����������� ���������.
lend - (n) ������, (v) ��������.
lender - (n) ��������.
letter - (n) ����;
letter-head - ����� (�����);
letter of advice - ����, �����������;
letter of allotment - ����������� (��� ������� �� ����� ��� ��������);
letter of attorney - ���������, ���������;
letter of authority - ���������;
letter of complaint - �������� ������, ������������� ����;
letter of credit - ���������;
letter of deposit - ��������� ����;
letter of guarantee - ���������� ����;
letter of guidance - ������������� ����;
letter of identification - ��������������� ���� (���� �������� �� ��������� ����������);
letter of inquiry - ��������� �����;
letter of intent - ����-�����������, ���� ��� ����;
letter of security - ���������� ����;
letter of trust - ���������;
cash letter - ������� ����, ��������� ��� ����������� ������;
cash letter of credit - �������� ���������;
comfort letter - ������������ ����-������������;
comment letter - ���� �� ������������;
commercial letter of credit - �������� ���������;
complaint letter - ����������;
confirmed letter of credit - ������������ ���������;
cover letter - �������������� ����;
deficiency letter - ����������� ��� ������������ ������������� ���������, ����������� ��� �������;
ingoing cash letter - ������� ������� ����;
irrevocable letter of credit - �������� ���������;
follow-up letter - ����-�����������, ��������� ����;
further to our letter - �� ������� �� ������ �����;
opening a letter of credit - �������������;
outgoing cash letter - �������� ������� ����;
paid letter of credit - �������� ���������;
routine business letter - ����������� ������ ����;
stand-by letter of credit - ��������� ���������;
transit letter - ��������� ����.
length of service - ���������� ����.
leverage ['li:v(q)rIdZ] - (n) ������������ ���������� �������.
liability ["laIq'bIlItI] - (n) �����, ������� �����������, �������������, ����, ������� ��������������� �������;
liability law - ������� ������������ ������;
liability ledger - ����� ����� ����������;
fixed debt liability - ������������� � ��������� �����;
fixed liability - ������������� �����������;
limited liability - �������� �������������;
unlimited liability - ���������� �������������.
licence ['laIs(q)ns] - (n) ������ (����� �� ������� �� ��������� ��������������� ��������).
lien [lIqn] - (n) ����� �������� ����� �� �����, ��������.
limit pricing - �������� �������������.
limited company - ������� (����������) � ��������� �������������.
limited offering - ��������� �� ��������� ������ ������.
line-item veto - ���� �� ������ ��������� ������.
liquidation - (n) ��������, ������ (������ �����, ��������) �� ������.
liquidation of debts - �������� �����.
liquidity - (n) �������� (����, �� ����� ����� ����������� �� ����� ��� ������ �� ��������� �����������);
liquidity ratio - ��������� �������� (������������ ����� ������ ������ �������);
means of liquidity - ����� �����.
loan up - (n) ��������� ������� � ������� ������.
loan [lqVn] - (n) ������, �����������; (v) �������� ������, ��������;
loan business - ������� ��������;
loan of bearing interest - ������ �� ��������;
loan proceeds - ������� �����;
back-to-back loan - ������������� ������;
bad loan - ���������� � ����� ������;
interest-free loan - ������������ ������;
fixed-rate term loan - ������ � ������� ���������;
funded loan - ���������� ������;
gift loan - ������������ ������;
morning loan - ��������� ������;
mortgage loan ['mLgIdZ] - �������� ������;
overnight loan - ��������� ������;
securities loan - ������ ������ ������;
soft loan - ������ ��������;
stock exchange loan - ������ ������� ������� ���;
stop-gap loan - ������� ������ ��� ���������� ����������;
back a loan - ����������� ������;
call a loan -�������� ��������� ������;
contract a loan -���������� ������.
loaning - (n) ������� ������.
logrolling - (n) �������������.
long -run industry supply - ������������� �������� ����������.
loss - (n) ������, �����, ������;
loss in prices - ������ ������, ������ �� ���� ����� ������ ������;
loss of efficiency - ������ �������������, �������� ���������� ������� 䳿.
lucrative capital - ������ � ���� ������ ������.
lump sum - �������� ����, ������� ����, �� ����������� ����������, ������ ����.
lump sum grant - ���������� ��������.
M
major economy - �������� ������ ������� (���������� ���������).
major shareholding - ����������� ����� �����.
make a bill payable to order - ���������� �������� �������.
make an overdraft - ������������ ������� �� �������.
make bankrupt - ����������, �������� �� �����������.
make good - ������������, �������������, ����������.
make out - ����������, ���������� (���), �������� ��������;
make out a document - �������� ��������;
make out an invoice - ���������� �������.
make quantity - �ᒺ� ������� ���������.
marital status - ������� ����.
margin (credit) department- ���� �������� �� ���������� � ������� ��������.
margin of profit - ��������� ������������.
marginal ['mQ:dZInl] capital cost - ������� ������� �� ������������ �������.
marginal tax rate - �������� ������ �������.
marginal revenue product - ��������� ������� � ��������� ����.
market - (n) ����, �������; (v) �������;
market assessment - ������ �����;
market demand - �������� �����;
market failure ['feIljq] - ��������� ��������� ��������;
market of new issues - ����� ������ ��������� ������ ������ ��� ��������� �����;
market performance - �������������� �����.
marketable ['mQ:kItqb(q)l] - (a) ��������� (�������) �����;
marketable equity securities - ������ ������.
marketing ['mQ:kItIN] - (n) �������, �������� ������i.
mark-up - (n) ��������� (���), �������� (�� ��������� ������).
matched orders - ������� ����������.
maturity date - ���� ������, ���� ��������� �����.
maturity value - ������� �� ���� ������.
mean return - ���������� ��������.
medium of exchange - ���� �����, ���� ���� (��� ������� ������).
meet a bill - ���������� �������, �������� �� ��������.
meet expectations - ������������ ������, ��������� �����������.
meet the claims of creditors - ������������ ������糿 ���������.
meet the expense - �������� �������, ������� �������.
meet the financial obligations - ���������� ������� �����������.
memo(randum) - (n) �������� �����, ����������.
merger ['mWdZq] - (n) ����������, ������, �ᒺ������.
minutes ['mInIts] - (n) ��������.
monetarism - (n) ����������, �������������� ��������.
monetary ['mAnIt(q)rI] - (a) ��������, ��������-��������, ��������;
monetary policy - ��������-������� �������.
monetarisation - (n) ������������ �� �����.
money - (n) �����, �������� ����, ������;
money advance - ������� ������;
money balances - ����� �������, ������ �������;
money losing order - �������� ����������;
money of account - �������� �����;
money order - ������� ���������;
money outstanding - ����� � ����;
money wage - ������� �������� �����;
fiat money - �������� ������� �����;
hard money - �����, �� � � ��������, ������� �����;
idle money - ������������ �����, ������ ������;
paper money - ������� �����;
pin money - ����� �� ���� �������;
purchasing power money - ��������� ����������� ������;
soft money - ������� �����, ��������;
tight money [taIt] - ������� �������, ��������-������� �������;
token money ['tqVkqn] - ����� (������) �����;
velocity of money [vI'lPsItI] - �������� ���� ������;
raise money - �������� �����;
refund money - ���������� ����;
remit money - ������������ �����.
moneyed - (a) ���������.
moneys - (n) ������� ������� ������.
mortgage ['mO:gIdZ] - (n) �������; (v) ����������.
mortgagee ["mO:gq'dZi:] - (n) �������� �� ��������.
mortgagor ['mO:gIdZ] - (n) ������� �� ��������.
mutual savings bank ['mju:tSVql] - ��������� ������� ����.
N
narrowing the spread - ���������� ������� ���.
national output - �ᒺ� ������������� �����������.
negative reply (refusal, denial) - ������.
negotiable instruments (documents) - ������� (�����) ���������.
negotiable paper of instrument - ���������� �������� ��� ��������� ��������.
negotiate [nI'gqVSIeIt] - (v) ����� ����������, ���������� ��������, �������� �����, �����������;
negotiate a cheque - ���������� (�����) �� �����, ��������� �� �����;
negotiate a contract - �������� ��������;
negotiate a loan - ���������� ������.
negotiated bid - ��������� ����������.
negotiation - (n) ������� ����������; ��������, ������, ���� (�������), ������ (�� �����) �� ��������.
net - (n) �����, ������ ��������; (v) ��������� ������ ��������;
net balance - ������ �������, ������;
net (book) value of assets - ��������� ������� �������� ������;
net cash - ����� ������ �������;
net cost - ����������;
net investment income - ������ ������������� ��������;
net national product - ������ ������������ �������;
net out - ��������� �����-�������, ������ � ������, ����� � �����;
net profit ration - ��������� �������������;
net taxes - ������ �ᒺ� ���������� ����������;
net working capital - ����� ������ ����� ��� ������� ��������;
net worth - ��������� ������.
netting - (n) ��������������� ����������.
new account report - ����� ����� ������� ��� �볺���.
non-linear pricing - ������� �������������.
non-payment - ��������, �������.
nonprice rationing - (n) ��������� ������� (����������).
nonrival good - �������������� �����.
not held order - ����� ��� �������� �������������.
note (bill, paper) - �������.
notification - (n) �����������, ���������.
notify - (v) ����������, ��������.
O
odd lot - ������� ����� ������ ������.
offer - (n) ���������� (�����).
offering circular - ���������� ��� ��������� ������ ������ ������.
omnibus bill ['PmnIbqs] - ������� �� ������ ��������.
open-end fund - �������� ������� ����.
operating business analysis - ����� ������������ ��������.
option ['PpS(q)n] - (n) ������ (����� � ������), ����.
order - (n) - �����, ����������, ����������; ��������� ����� ��� ������ ������ (�������, ���); (v) ���������;
order book - ����� ���������;
bank money order - ���������� �������� �������;
cash order - ����� ��� ������ �������;
cash with order - �� ������� �������;
durable order - ���������� �� ������ ��������������� ������������;
pressing order - �������� ����������;
rush order - �������� ����������;
stop payment order - ����� ��� ���������� �������.
outlay - (n) �������, �������, ����������������, ������������ �������.
outgoing (paper) - ��������.
out payments - (n) ������ ������.
output - (n) ������, ���������, �ᒺ� �����������, �������������;
output effect - ����� �ᒺ�� ���������;
full output - ����������� �������������;
gross output - ������� �ᒺ� �����������;
peak output - ������������ �ᒺ� �����������.
outstanding - (a) �����������, ����������, �������������, ��������� � ��� (��� ���� ������).
outstandings - (n) ��������� �������, �������������.
overdraft - (n) ����������� ������� ( � �����), ������������� �����, ���������.
overdue - (a) ������������, ����������� � �����.
overhead - (n) ������� �������.
overseas business - ���� �������� �� ��������.
overtrading ["qVvq'treIdIN] - (n) ������� ���������� ������, ������ ������ ������� (������ ������).
P
paper - (n) ��������, �������, ��������������� �����������, ���������� ����� (�������, ������);
office paper - ��������� �������.
parking - (n) ��������� ��������� ������.
par price (rate) - ��������� ���� (�������).
par value � �� ��������.
pass the budget - ���������� ������.
pay - (n) �����, �������, ��������, �����; (v) �������, ��������� ������;
pay back period - ����� (�����) �������� ����������;
pay by instalments - ���������� � ������;
pay in - ������� �����;
pay off - �����, ����������, ��������� ;
pay sheet - ������� �������;
back pay - ��������� �������;
gross pay - �������� �� ���������� (���������� ��������).
payable(s) - (n) ��������� (�������, �������, ����) �� ������; ����������� ���������; (�) �������, ������������;
payable to bearer - �� ����������.
paying-in - ��������.
payment - (n) �����, ������ (�������), ��������� �����;
payment by the price - ������� ������ �����;
payments deficit - ������ ��������� �������;
payment on account - ������ �� ������������ ��������;
exchanged payments - ������ ������ ����������;
progress payment - �������� ������.
payout ratio - ��������� ������� ��������.
pegging - (n) ������� ���� �� ������� ���.
penalty ['penltI] - (n) �����.
penalize - (v) ����������.
penetration - (n) ����������� (�� �����).
performance-based compensation - ��������; ������, �� �������� �� ���������� ��������.
peril - (n) �����, ������������.
perpetuity - (n) ������ �����.
personal saving - ������� ����������.
piece rate - ������� �������� �����.
pledge [pledZ] - (n) ������, �������, ��������; (v) �������� �� �������, ��������� ��������.
place an order - ������� ����������.
play the market - ����������� �� ���.
pool - (n) ��������� ����, �ᒺ���� ������.
p o r t folio - (n) �������� ������ ������.
postal order - �������� �������.
precedence ['presId(q)ns] - (n) �������� � �������� ����������.
prepay - (v) ����� ����������.
pressing business - �������� ������.
price [praIs] - (n) ����, ���� ������ ������; (v) ������������ ����;
price appreciation - ���������� ����;
price cap - ���� ���� (�������);
price fixing - ������������ ����;
price floor - �������� ����, ����� ���� ����;
price for cash - ���� ��� ����� �������;
price guidepost - ������� ������;
price level - ����� ����;
price list - �����������, �������;
price maker � ���, ��� ���������� ����;
price plus - ���� ��������, ��������� ��������, �� ������� (���� �������� � ����������);
price ratio - ������������ ���;
price soared - ��������� ����;
price taker - ���, ��� ����������� � �����;
price velocity - �������� ���� ������;
price war - ���� ��� (�������� �� ������������� �������� ���);
balancing price - ���� ��������;
big price - ���� �������; ����, �� ������� ��������;
class price - ��������� ����;
conversion price - ���� �������;
cost price - ���� �����������, ����������;
cut price - ���� �� ������� �������;
fair-return price - ����, �� ��������� ����������� ����� ��������;
fixed price - ������ ����;
equity price - ���� �����;
estimate price - ���������� ����;
hire price of finance - ����� ��������;
issue price - ���� ������ ������� ������ ������;
just price - ����������� ����;
list price - ������������� ����;
negotiated price - �������� ����, ���������� ���� ������ ������;
permissible margins of price fluctuation - ��������� ���� ��������� ���;
security price - ���� ������ ������;
shutdown price - ���� ���������� ��������, ���� ��������;
sliding price - ����� ����;
spot price - ���� �������, ������� ����;
strike price - ���� ��� �������� �������;
target price - ������� ����;
transaction price - �������� ���� �������;
threshold price - ����� ���� ����;
reservation price - �������� ����, �������� ����;
adjust price - ����������� ����;
be at down price - ����������� ����.
priceceiling - (n) ������������ ������� ��� ����.
pricing - (n) �������������.
prime rate - ��������� ����.
priming of economy - ������������ ��������.
principle of equity - ������� �������������.
proceeds - (n) ��������, �����������, ����������� �� ������� ������ ������.
precedes in cash - ������� �������.
profit - (n) ��������, �������; (v) ���������� ��������, �������;
book profit - �������������� ��������, ������������� ��������;
equity profit - ��������, �� ������������� �� ������� �����;
excess profit - �����������;
negative profit - ������, ������;
paper profit - ����������� (�������������) ��������;
pure profit - ������ �������� (���������� ��������);
retained profit - ���������� ��������; ��������, �� ���������;
target profit - �������� (��������) ��������;
unit profit - �������� �� ������� ���������;
reali z e a profit - ���������� ��������.
profitability - (n) ������������, �������������.
profitless - (a) ��������������.
prolong - (v) ������������.
promisor - (n) ������, ��� �������� ���������� �������� ������; �������, �������������.
promissory note - ������� �����������, ������� �������.
proprietorship (ownership, property) - (n) ��������, ��������.
provision - (n) �����, ���������.
provision of crediting - ������� ���������.
proxy - (n) ���������;
proxy statement - ���������� ��� �������� ���.
public funds - ������� �����, ������� ���� ������.
public sector - ��������� ������.
pure losses - ���� ������.
Q
quality allowance - ������.
quantity demanded - �������� ������.
quantity rebate - ������ ���� �� �������.
quantity supplied - ������������� �������.
questionnaire (form) - (n) ������.
quick ratio - ��������� ��������.
quota ['kwqVtq] - (n) ����� (������ � ���������� ���������� ��� ����).
quotation [kwqV'teIS(q)n] - (n) ����������� (�����), ������������ ������� ���� �� �����, �����, ������.
R
raise capital - �������� ������.
raise claim - ���������� ��������.
range of production - ���������� ���������.
rate - (n) �����, ������, ���������, �����, ����, ����, ����;
rate of exchange - �������� ����;
rate of interest - ��������� ������;
rate of issue - ���� ������� (������ ������);
rate of return - ����� ��������, ��������� ��������, �������������;
expansion rate - ���� ����� (��������);
fixed exchange rate - ��������� �������� ���� ;
flexible exchange rate - ������� �������� ����;
forced rate of exchange - ���������� ����.
rating - (n) ������� ������ ������.
ratio ['reISIqV] - (n) ���������, ������������, ������, ��������, �����.
rationing - (n) �������, ����������;
rationing devices - ������� �������� �������.
rebate ['ri:beIt] - (n) ������ ������.
receipt - (n) ��������, ���������, ���������; (v) �������� ��������;
against receipt - �� ��������.
receipts - (n) ������ �����������, �������, ��������.
receivable - (n) ���������� �������������, ������� �������.
recession - (n) ���������, ���������, ����.
reclamation - (n) ���������� (�������� �� ����� ���������� ���������).
reconcilement - (n) ���������� (�������).
recontracting - (n) �������� ���� ��������� / �����.
records - (n) ���������, �����, ������, ����, �����.
recoup - (v) ������������, ����������.
recover - (v) ���������� �����.
recruitment - (n) ���� �����.
rectify - (v) ����������.
red - (n) �����, ������;
be in the red - ���� � �����, ���� �������������.
redeem - (v) ��������, ���������, �������� � ����, ��������.
redemption - (n) �����, ����������, ��������� � ����, ���������;
call for redemption - ��������� ��� ��������� (��������).
rediscount - (n) ��������.
reference - (n) ���������, ������������, �����, ����������, �������� �� �������.
reference book - �������.
reflate - (v) ��������� ��������, ����������� ���������� ��� (���������� ��������-���������� �������� /��������/).
reflation - (n) ���������� ��������, ������������ ��������.
regulation - (n) �������, ����������.
reimburse - (v) ���������, ������������, ����������.
reimbursement - (n) �����������, ����������.
reliability - (n) ��������.
remainder - (n) �������.
settle the remainder - �������� �������.
remit - (v) ������������ �����, ����������, �������� �� ������.
remittance [rI'mIt(q)ns] - (n) �������, ����������� ������.
remitter - (n) ��������� (��������� ��������).
rental - (n) ���� ������� �����, ������ ����������.
rentseeking - (n) ��������� ���������� �����;
rentseeking behavior - ������� �� ������, ����� �����.
remuneration - (n) ����������.
replenish - (v) �����������.
reply-coupon - ����� ������.
repudiate - (v) ���������, ����������� �� ������ �����.
repudiation of contract - ���������� �� �����.
reserve - (n) ��������� ����, ������� �������������� ��������.
residual - (a) ����������.
response - (n) �������.
restriction - (n) ���������.
resume ['re(I)zjVmeI] - (n) ������, ��������, ��������, �������, ��������.
retail business - �������� �������, �������� ����������.
retire - (v) ��������.
retiring [rI'taI(q)rIN] the public debt - ����� ���������� �����.
return - (n) ������, �����, ���������, ���.
return to scale - ������ �� ��������.
revaluation - (n) ����������, ����������� (��������� ����� ������).
revenue ['revInju:] - (n) �������, ������, ������� ��������;
revenue tariff - �������� ���� (���);
total revenue - ��������� ��������.
revenues - (n) ��������� ����� �������, ����� ��������.
revert to - (v) ����������� ��... (���������, �������).
revoke an offer - ��������� ����������.
revolving fund - ���������� ����.
right-to work law - ����� ��� ����� �� �����.
royalty - (n) ��������� �����, ���������� �������.
S
salutation - (n) ��������� � ����.
saving - (n) �����������.
scarcity - (n) ��������, ������, ���������� (�������, ������), ���������� �������.
scip - (n) ��������� �� ������ � �������.
securities [sI'kjV(q)rItIs] - (n) ���� ������;
counterfeit securities - ������� ���� ������;
securities transaction - ������ �������� ��������.
seizure - (n) ����������.
self-interest - �������������, ������ ������.
self-sufficient - �����������������, ���������-����������.
seniority ["si:nI'PrItI] - (n) ����� �����������, �������� ����.
setback - (n) ����, ������;
setback in business - �������� ����� ���������.
settlement - (n) ������, ����������.
share - (n) �����.
shareholder ['Seq"hqVldq] - (n) ��������, �������.
shareholders� equity - ����������� ������.
shift in supply - ���� ���������.
shortage - (n) �������, ������, ����� �������.
shutdown rule - ������� ��������.
sinking - (n) ��������, ������ (���), ����� (�������), ���������, ������, �������.
slump - (n) ���������� (����� ���������), ����� ���������� ����, �����, ���� ������ (�����).
sole proprietorship [prq'praIqtqSIp] - ��������� ��������.
soft - (a) ���, �� ��������������� ������� ������ ���������, ���������������.
softening of economy - ���� � ��������, ���������� �������.
software - (n) ������������.
solution - (n) ��������.
solvency - (n) ����������������.
solvent - (a) ���������������.
specie - (n) ������� ����� (����� � ����).
specially designed heading - ���������� ���������� ����� (������� �����).
spillover - (n) �������, ��������.
squander - (v) ����� ��������� (�����).
square deal - ����� �����, ������� ��������� �� �볺���.
stale - (a) ������������.
standing - (n) ��������� ����, ������������������, ���������.
state financing backing - �������� �������� ��������.
state ownership - �������� ��������.
statement - (n) ���, ������ (����.), ������� ������� (����.), �������, �������, ���������, ��������;
statement of charges (costs) - ���������� ������;
statement of claim - ������� �����;
statement of condition - �������� ��� ��������� ���� �������;
statement of income - ������� �������� �� ������;
statement of prices - �����������.
stationary - (a) ������, ���������, (n) �������� ����.
status - (n) ��������� ����.
stock - (n) ����� (������ ����, �� ������� ��� �������� ������� ��� �� ������� ������������ ����������);
stock book - ����� ��������� �������� �����, ����� �������� ���������;
stock capital - ����������� ������;
stock company - ���������� ����������;
stock market - ����� ������ ������;
stock market values rate - ���� ������ ������.
store of value - ���� ���������� (������ ��� �������, �� ������������ ��� ������������ � �����������).
submit - (v) ������������ �� �������.
subject line - �����, � ����� ���������� ��� ���� ����������.
subject payment order - ���� ������� ���������.
subject title - ������� �����.
subsidy ['sAbsIdI] - (n) �������, �������, ������� �����������.
substitute goods ['sAbstItju:t] - ���������� ������ .
superior good - ����� ���� �������.
support - (n) ������������;
in support - �� ������������.
superannuation ["s(j)u:pqrxnjV'eIS(q)n] - ��������� �� ������� ����, �����.
surplus - (n) ��������, �����������.
survey report - ��� ������.
sustain losses - ������ ������, ����� ������.
swap - (n) ����, ���� �������� ��� �������������.
swaping - (n) ��������� ����.
T
tangible wealth - ���������� ���������.
tatonnement - (n) ����� ���.
tariff ['txrIf] - (n) ��������; (v) ������� (����������) ��������.
tax - (n) �������, ���; (v) ��������������;
tax bearer - ������� �������;
tax-free - ��������� �� �������;
tax-farmer - ��������;
indirect business tax - �������� ������� �� ����������;
liable to tax - ���, �� ��������������;
lump-sum tax - ����������� (��������) �������;
payroll tax - ������� �� �������� ������;
personal income tax - ��������� ����������� �������;
sales tax - ������� � �������;
value added tax - ������� �� ������ �������.
taxation [txk'seIS(q)n] - (n) ���� �������,
�������������.
teller - (n) �����.
tender - (n) ���������� (��������).
terms of trade - ����� ������.
tick - (n) ��� ���� ������� ��� ������.
thrift - (n) �����������, ����������.
thrifts (pl.) - (n) ����� �������.
through a clerical error - ����� ������������ �������.
through a typical error - ����� ������� ��������.
tolerance - (n) ��������� ���������.
total spending - �������� ���� ������.
trade deficit - �������������������� ������.
trade surplus ['sWplqs] - ������� ������ ��������� ������� (����������� ��������� �������� ��� �� �������� ��������).
transferability of capital - ��������� �������.
transaction [trxn'zxkS(q)n] - (n) ������� (������ ��������), ��������� ������, ������, �����, ��������;
non-productive transactions - ������������� ��������.
transfer - (n) ������� ������, ��� (���������) ��������; (v) ������������.
treasury bill - ������������� �������.
treasury bonds - ������������ �����������.
treasury stock - ������������ (�����������) �����.
trial order - ������ ����������.
trough [trPf] - (n) �������� ����� ������ (���).
trust - (n) ������, �����; (v) �������, ������ y ������;
trust bond - ��������� ��������.
trustee - (n) ������� �����.
turn in the report - ������� ���.
turnover - (n) ���.
U
unaudited - (a) ������������, ��������� ���糿 (������������).
unbalanced - (a) ��������������, ���������������.
under advice - ��� ����������, ��� ��������.
under separate cover - ������� ������.
underpricing - (n) ���������� (�������� ������).
uniform wholesale prices - ���� ����� ����.
unprofitable - (a) ��������������.
upswing - (n) ������� ���������, �������.
urge - (v) �������� �� �����.
utility - (n) ���������, �������.
utilisation - (n) ������������.
V
validity - (n) ����� 䳿 ����������.
valorisation - (n) ������������ ����, ��������� ������� (������).
valuation - (n) ������, ����������, ���������� �������, �����, ����������.
value ['vxlju:] - (n) �������, �������; (v) ���������;
value added - ������ �������;
value in use - �������� �������;
value of utility - �������� ���������;
absolute surplus value - ��������� ��������� �������;
anticipated values - �������� ��������;
assessed value - ������� �� �������, �������� �������;
at value - �� �����;
balanced sheet value - ��������� �������;
carrying value - ��������� �������;
intrinsic value [In'trInsIk] - �������� �������;
of value - ������; ���, �� �� �������;
surplus value ['sWplqs] - ��������� �������;
use value - �������� �������, �������.
variable exchange - �������� ����, �� ����������.
variance - (n) ���������.
variation - (n) ����, ���������.
velocity of circulation - �������� ����.
velocity of currency - �������� ���� ������.
verification - (n) ��������, �����.
vertical merger ['mWdZq] - ����������� ������.
voucher ['vaVtSq] - (n) �������� ���������� ��������, ��������, ����������� �����, ��������.
W
wage and payment book - ������������ ������.
wage differential ["dIfq'renS(q)l] - ������ ������ ��������, ������������ �������� �����.
wage earner - �������, ���� ������ ��������.
wage rate - ������ �������� �����.
warrant - (n) ���������.
warranty - (n) ������� ( ���. guarantee).
waybill - (n) ��������.
welfare - (n) ��������, ���������� ������;
welfare program - ��������� ��������.
windfall - (n) ������������ ��������, �����; ��������� �����������.
withdraw (v) - �������� (� ����), ���������.
withdrawal of the order - ���������� ����������.
worthwhile - (a) ������, �������.
write down - (n) �������� ����; (v) ��������� ����.
write off - (n) ����� �������� � �������; (v) ������� ������� � �������.
write up - (n) ��������� ����; (v) ���������� ����.
Y
yield - (n) ��������, ����� �� ���� ������;
yield of bonds - ���������� ����� � ��������;
yield to maturity - ������������ �� ������ ��������� ��������.
yielding - (n) �����������, ������� ���������; (�) �� �� (����. �������);
yielding interest - �� �� �������.