�� - ��

Grammar: verbs: to be, to have; a noun.

I. Read the following words

Economist, cashier, financier, society, important, book-keeper, special, saving, busy, realize, corner-stone, science, economics, special ty .

II. Read and translate the following text I am a student

I am Kovalenko Katya. So, I am a student now. I�m a first-year student of the day-time department. I�ve entered State Tax Service Academy of Ukraine after finishing a secondary school. You know, that was my dream to enter this Institute. No wonder, as all members of our family are economists.

My father taught me to understand and love mathematics. I realize now mathematics is a corner-stone of all sciences. My father works as a financier at the Planning Economic Department of the plant.

My mother is a book-keeper at a book-keeping department of the factory. She likes her specialty very much. I love a sister. She is twenty. And she is also an economist. She works as a cashier at the post-office savings-bank. She combines her work with studies at the Institute. She is a second-year student of non-resident instruction at this Institute.

As you see, I took my parents way. I worked hard to pass my entrance examinations well. And now I�ve become a happy member of the great, young family of students.

Many new things and notions came into my life with it. At first, I didn�t know what they meant. Now I became familiar with such words as �a freshman�, �a sophomore�, �an undergraduate� and such terms as �a period�, �a seminar�, �labworks�. I know what it means �to make notes�, �to pass thousands�, etc.

I�m still to know more, and first of all how to save time to be able to not only study well, but to take an active part in the students� life, to join some students� scientific society and to sing in our Academy choir, to become a member of our Academy famous football team and to visit interesting students� evening-parties.

I�m fond of everything at my Academy. I like its great beautiful building, sport complex, it�s lecture halls, laboratories, studies.

I�m a freshman, as they call the first-year students. It�ll take time to take time to know everything about our Academy.

Comments

1. a student of the day-time department � �� ; syn. a student of resident instruction; a full-time student

2. no wonder � ��

3. all the members � �� ; syn. whole � ��; remember: the whole world but all the students; the whole family but all the books

4. the Planning Economic Department � ��-��

5. a book-keeper � ��; syn. � an accountant; a book-keeping department � ��

6. a cashier � ��; syn. a teller; cash � �� (��) syn. money

7. the post-office savings-bank � ��

8. non-resident instruction � �� ; syn. extra-mural education, education by correspondence

9. to take somebody�s way � ��

10. at first � ��; first of all � ��

11. ...became familiar with... � ��

12. a freshman � a first-year student; a sophomore � a second-year student; undergraduate � student of senior courses

13. I�m still to know more ��

14. to join some students� scientific society � ��

to join the army � �� 쳿

to join a team � �� (��)

15. students� evening-parties � ��

16. a lot more � �� ; a lot of � ��

a lot of books, a lot of time

syn. many, much, a great deal of, plenty of

17. to be fond of � ��, ��; syn. to like

18. like � �� ; to be like � ��

He is like his father � ³� �� .

He likes skating � ³� ��

He is a student like me � ³�, �� , ��

19. it�ll take time � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following

1. the planning economic department 1. ��

2. the post-office savings-bank 2. ��

3. a sophomore 3. ��

4. a book-keeping department 4. ��-��

5. to take one�s parents� way 5. ��

6. a freshman 6. ��

7. to pass �thousands� 7. ��

8. the day-time department 8. ��

9. a lot more 9. ��

10. an undergraduate 10. ��

11. to enter the Institute 11. ��

12.it�ll take time to know 12. ��

13.students� scientific society 13. �� , ��

IV. Use the words and word combinations given in Ex. III in the sentences of your own V. Translate the following sentences

�) 1. He took his brother�s way and became an economist. 2. How much does it take you to get to the Institute? It takes me ten minutes. 3. How much will it take you to get to Lviv by train? It will take me 14 hours. 4. It will take him two hours to translate this article. 5. He takes after his father. 6. When going to the Institute he takes a bus. 7. She took the shortest way to get to the library. 8. It�ll take time to forget this event.

B) 1. He is like his father. 2. He likes Political Economy very much. 3. My friend does this work like me. 4. It looks like snow. 5. This book costs something like 1 dollar. 6. They mustn�t talk like that. 7. He was running like a sportsman. 8. My sister likes dancing. 9. I should like to take my father�s way. 10. He should like to be the first student in his group.

C) 1. I�ll join you in your work. 2. My friend joined the National Guard. 3. The best students of our group joined Scientific Societies. 4. My junior brother will soon join the school volley-ball team.

VI. Complete the following sentences

1. Kate has become a student of ... . 2. All the members of her family are ... . 3. Her father works as ... . 4. Her sister works ... . 5. Kate ... worked hard to pass ... . 6. She became familiar with ... . 7. Kate is still to know how ... . 8. She will take an active part in ... .

VII. Say if it is right

1. Kate�s dream was to enter the Medical institute. 2. Kate�s mother is a doctor. She works at a hospital. 3. Kate�s sister works at a plant. She is a freshman. 4. Kate didn�t take her parents� way. 5. Kate doesn�t know what it means �to make notes�, �to pass thousands�.

VIII. Answer the following questions

1. What higher school has Kate entered? 2. Is she a sophomore or a freshman? 3. Whose way did she take? 4. What are all the members of her family? 5. Who taught her to understand and love mathematics? 6. Where does Kate�s father work? 7. What is Kate�s mother? 8. What does Kate�s sister work as? 9. Is Kate�s sister a full-time student? 10. Why did Kate pass her entrance exams well? 11. What did Kate become familiar with? 12. What is Kate still to know more? 13. What does it mean to take an active part in the student�s life at the Institute? 14. What does Kate like at the Academy?

IX. Speak about yourself using the lexics of the text

Grammar Exercises

II.Translate into English

1. �� ? ��. 2. �� 17 ��? �ͳ. 3. �� 14 �� 15? � �� 14. 4. �� . 5. �� , �� ? 6. �� . 7. �� ? 8. �� 11 ��. 9. ��. 10. ��? 11. ��, �� ? 12. �� . 13. �� ? 14. � �� , �� ?

III. Learn the expressions and use them in the sentences of your own

to be angry, to be hungry, to be thirsty, to be cold (hot), to be in (out), to be fond of, to be interested in, to be well (bad), to be about, to be away, to be late for, to be in time for.

IV. Make these nouns plural :

Hand, branch, school, film, class, place, price, fox, glass, dish, leaf, knife, roof, lady, money, toy, hero, tomato, foot, tooth, man, deer, cattle, shelf.

V. Do you know the plurals of the following words

terminus � termini, basis � bases , memorandum � memoranda, analysis � analyses, datum � data, crisis � crises, nucleus � nuclei, index � indices, phenomenon � phenomena.

VI. Change the number of the noun in bold type, making any other necessary changes

1. I have hurt my foot. 2. The last leaf fell from the tree. 3. The roof of the house has covered with snow. 4. There is a potato in the plate. 5. Where is a glass? 6. The deer is a graceful animal. 7. What�s the news this morning? The news is good. 8. He gave me his advice. 9. There was a fish in the net. 10. This shelf contains several books on different subjects. 11. The sheep is grazing in the meadow.

VII. Use the Possessive Case instead of �of-phrase �

1. The new club of the workers; 2. The poems of Shevchenko; 3. The voice of her mother; 4. The pages of the book; 5. The orders of the commander; 6. The offer of the seller; 7. The conclusions of the expert; 8.The birthday of my friend; 9.The streets of Kyiv. 10. A flock of birds. 11. The house of the doctor; 12. The location of the enemy.

VIII. Use �of-phrase� instead of the Possessive Case in the following sentences

1. Britain�s climate is not cold in winter. 2. This country�s wealth is oil. 3. My friend�s garden is beautiful. 4. The student�s lessons begin at 9 o�clock. 5. This writers� works were published many times. 6. Our city�s streets are green and wide. 7. The miners� meeting was held on the outskirts of the town. 8. We admire Repin�s and Levitan�s pictures. 9. Everything in the children�s room was the work of the children.

IX. Put in �have� or �has�

1. England ... a mild climate. 2. She didn�t ... a letter from him last week. 3. You ... some mistakes in your pronunciation. 4. This boy ... a good influence on his friend. 5. ... you many friends in your group? 6. Our students ... a lot of work to do at the end of the term. 7. We ... to finish our work at 4 o�clock. 8. I ... translated nothing for a week, not even a page. 9. He ... no patience.

X. Put in the definite or the indefinite article where necessary

1. They learned English for half ... hour and then began to read ... historical novel. 2. Does ... sun shine brightly in ... winter? No, it doesn�t. 3. He is ... chief of the book-keeping department of ... large organisation. 4. Will you please give me ... pen and ... sheets of paper. 5. Is there ... letter for me? 6. What ... strange man! 7. Yesterday I spoke to ... man who had just returned from ... Arctic expedition. 8. Here is ... book you need. 9. He is ... man whom we all admire. 10. Students from foreign countries of ... Europe, ... Africa and ... Latin America study in Kyiv. 11. ... clock in ... hall is slow. 12. Is that ... man whom they are looking for? 13. ... English people often talk about ... weather. 14. Autumn is ... season of harvesting. 15. ... Thames flows through London. 16. Is ... ring made of ... gold? Yes, it is.

XI. Translate these sentences. Explain the absence of the article with the nouns in bold type

1. He never showed any fear in face of danger. 2. What cold rainy weather we are having! 3. We turned west and soon sighted land in the distance. 4. When tea was ready we sat down to table. 5. Winter is almost gone; spring is coming soon. 6. The apple tree was in full blossom. 7. Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus. 8. Snow covered the ground.

2. Topic: Our Academy; Grammar: Pronouns, adjectives

Grammar: Pronouns, adjectives

I. Read the following words

Purpose, serve, graduate, various, industry, specialist, ocean, market , citizen, property, social, scholarship, access, season, management, enterprise, labour, marketing, subject.

II. Read and translate the following text State TAX Service Academy

Our educational establishment has a long history. It was founded in 1921 in Kyiv for training specialists in peat developing. After Great Patriotic War it was removed to a small town not far from Kyiv, Irpin. For three decades it was known as a technical secondary school, then a college. And in 1996 it was charted as the Ukrainian Institute for Economics and Finance in march of 2000 it has got the name.

There are four departments at our Academy at present: Law Department, Accounting Department, Finance Department and Tax Militia Department.

The purpose of the Institute is to educate students to serve in the branches of economy. The graduates from the Institute will work at various branches of industry, agriculture, finance and banking system accounting and statistics computing information, State Tax Authorities . Our graduates are specialists of new formation. They keep up with progress and are able to run in the ocean of commodity and market relations.

The overwhelming majority of the students receive state scholarship and are provided with hostel accommodation. The students have free access to the libraries, reading-rooms, laboratories, compu�ting center, studies, sport facilities etc.

Many young people prefer to combine studies with work for various reasons. They are admitted to the Institute extra-mural depart�ment.

The course of studies at the Academy lasts for four, five years. The academic year is divided into two terms. The students have an examination session at the end of each term. At the end of their studies they have to submit a graduation paper and take the state exami�nations. The Academy offers a curriculum of economic subjects:

Finance Statistics, Accounting, Economics and Management of Enterprises, Enterprise Business, Labour Resources, Marketing, Computer Information System, International Relations, Taxation, Insurance.

The instructors and professors of our Academy take into account the experience of West countries in the field of training specialists at the Universities of the USA, Germany.

Comments

1. to be founded � ��

2. peat � ��

3. to chart � ��, �� (�� )

4. to run � ��, ��;

to run a business � �� ;

to run a factory � �� ;

to run an enterprise � ��

5. hostel accommodation � ��

6. have free access � ��

7. a curriculum � ��

8. to take into account � ��

II. Find the English in the right-hand column for the following

1. �� 1. commodity and market relations

2. � �� 2. accounting and statistics

3. �� 3. in the field of industry and trade

4. �� 4. higher educational establish�ment

5. �� 5. various branches

6. ��-�� 6. finance and banking system

7. �� 7. international relations

8. �� 8. management of enterprises

9. �� 9. to take into account

10. �� 10. labour resources

11. �� 11. computing center

12. �� 12. acurriculum of economic subjects

13. �� 13. overwhelming majority

14. �� 14. to keep up with progress

III. Complete the following sentences

1. And in 1996 it was charted ... . 2. There are four departments ... .3. The purpose of the Institute ... . 4. The students have free access ... . 5. Many young people prefer ... . 6. The students have an examination session ... . 7. The Institute offers ... . 8. The instructors and professors of our Institute take into account ... .

IV. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary

1. These economists graduated ... the Institute for Economics and Finance a year ago. 2. Our Institute trains ... specialists ... high qualification. 3. The graduates will work ... industry. 4. My friend will work ... a plant ... graduating ... the Institute. 5. The students ... the extra-mural department combine their work with ... studies. 6. Many students of our Institute are provided ... hostel accommodation. 7. The students of our Institute have free access ... the libraries and labora�tories. 8. The excellent students keep ... ... progress and are capable to solve the most important problems ... science.

V. Translate the following sentences into English

1. �� . �� . 2. ̳� �� . �� . 3. �� .

VI. Answer the following questions

1. When our educational establishment was founded? 2. What is the history of the Academy? 3. What is the purpose of the Academy? 4. Where do the graduates from the Academy serve? 5. What are the majority of the students provided with? 6. Where do the students have free access to? 7. What departments are there at our Academy? 8. How long does the course of studies at the Institute last? 9. When do the students have an examination session? 10. What do the students have to submit at the end of their studies? 11. What do the instructors and professors take into account?

VII. Speak about State TAX Service Academy

VIII. Learn the dialogue by heart

L.: Hello, Peter? Where to?

P.: To the Library.

L.: Is the library open till late in the evening.

P.: Oh, yes. I believe it�s open till half past nine. But I never stay at the library so long. I usually read some books and journals, make notes and look through newspapers and magazines.

L.: What about your English Lessons?

P.: I generally do them at home as I have all the necessary books and text books.

L.: What classes are you going to have today?

P.: Today we have a lecture in political economy, a seminar in economic history and an English class.

L.: And how many examinations are you going to have at the end of this term?

P.: We are going to have three examinations: in mathematics, economic history and political economy, and two credit-test: in English and computers.

L.: What is a credit-test? Isn�t it the same as an examination?

P.: No,it isn�t quite the same in form, and we don�t get any marks for credit-tests.

L.: Oh, sorry, Peter. Here is my bus. See you tomorrow. Bye-bye!

P.: Bye-bye!

Grammar Exercises

2. They invited you and ... to the party.

3. Very few could do it faster than ... .

4. This book was intended for you and ... .

5. My friend, ... are mistaken.

6. They came to see ... .

7. She told ... about her life.

8. When we make mistakes, our teacher corrects ... .

9. It takes ... only 10 minutes to go home.

II. Fill in the blanks with proper possessive pronouns

1. She has come to see ... mother.

2. Put on ... coat and go for a walk.

3. Tell him not to forget ... note-book.

4. If they inquire about me, tell ... that I am well.

5. Economics, like any other social science, has ... own vocabulary .

6. Students work hard to perfect ... language.

7. She has no children of ... own.

8. A friend of ... told me this.

9. The dog broke ... leg.

III. Translate into English using personal and possessive pronouns in the appropriate form

1. �� . 2. �� , � �� . 3. �� ? � �� . 4. �� ? �� . 5. �� . �� . 6. � �� . 7. � �� . 8. �� : �� ?�. 9. �� , � �� . 10. � �� .

IV. Fill in the blanks with some or any

1. Do you know ... of these girls? 2. There are ... foreign visitors in the park. 3. ... of my friends live in this house. 4. We haven�t ... time. 5. Do you like ... of these animals? Yes, I like ... of them. 6. Give me ... water. 7. There are ... cups on the table, but these aren�t ... glasses. 8. I have ... questions to ask. 9. There isn�t ... tea in the tea-pot. 10. Please add ... more tea in my cup.

V. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. He says nothing. 2. He does not say anything. 3. No man can do this. 4. Nobody can do this. 5. I do nothing in the evening. 6. Do you go anywhere? 7. I do not know anybody in this city. 8. I know nobody in this city. 9. He sees nothing on the hill. 10. He does not see anything on the hill.

VI. Choose the proper word:

1. It gives me ... pleasure to see you again. (much, many)

2. How ... English lessons have you a week? (much, many)

3. He can read English ... . (a little, a few)

4. Let him think ... .(few, little)

5. There is ... hope to get the railway station in time.

6. Did you have ... difficulties in translating this article? (much, many)

7. There was ... snow last winter. (much, many)

8. The students work ... during examination session. (much, many )

VII. Use �many� and �much� instead of expressions such as lots of ... , a lot of ... , a great deal of ... , plenty of ...

1. There were lots of interesting books in the book-case. 2. I have a lot of work today. 3. There was a lot of water in rivers last spring. 4. My friend gets a great deal of enjoyment from a home computer. 5. We spent plenty of time on our translation. 6. Lots of trees were damaged by the storm. 7. He picked up a great deal of information during the afternoon.

VIII. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives

Old, bad, cold, yellow, loud, clean, large, comfortable, practical, modern, good, small, careful, interesting, difficult, weak, important, easy, fat, low.

IX. Put the adjectives in brackets into the required degrees of comparison

1. The twenty second of December is the (short) day of the year. 2. His plan is (practical) than yours. 3. You are much (well) today. 4. I have (little) experience than you. 5. Oleg is the (good) of my friend. 6. This book is (interesting) than the last one I read. 7. Why do you take the (far) way home? 8. London is the (large) city in England. 9. There is (much) snow today. 10. This student speaks English (good) than you.

X. Compare the objects according to the given example

Example: A lemon � an apple (sour).

A lemon is sourer than an apple.

An apple is not so sour as a lemon.

An apple is not as sour as a lemon.

1. The Black Sea � the White Sea (warm). 2. Oil � water (light). 3. Butter � caviar (cheap). 4. Stone � wood (heavy). 5. Carrots � cucumbers (useful). 6. China � Japan (large). 7. Meat � vegetables (expensive). 8. Japanese � Spanish (difficult). 9. The Indian Ocean � The Arctic Ocean (warm).

XI. Write the sentences of your own with the most frequency used comparisons

Patterns:

as easy as: The teacher says that to learn to swim is as easy as ABC.

as hungry as: He comes from school as hungry as hunter.

as white as snow, as hot as fire, as clear as day, as green as grass, as cold as ice.

XII. Memorize these proverbs with comparison and find Ukrainian equivalents

1. The devil is not so black as he is.

2. East or west home is the best.

3. Better a glorious death than a shameful life.

4. Better late than never.

5. Four eyes see more than two.

XIII. Fill in the blanks with �every� and �each�. Remember that �each� may be the subject, an object, or an attribute while �every� may only be an attribute

1. The bridge had a tower at ... end. 2. My friend goes to the institute ... morning. 3. ... wants to become happy. 4. ... of you must prepare a home-reading. 5. Our professor shook hands with ... student. 6. ... has a bicycle in this town. 7. ... student has to attend lectures.

2. Topic: Our Academy; Grammar: Pronouns, adjectives

Grammar: Pronouns, adjectives

I. Read the following words

Purpose, serve, graduate, various, industry, specialist, ocean, market , citizen, property, social, scholarship, access, season, management, enterprise, labour, marketing, subject.

II. Read and translate the following text State TAX Service Academy

There are four departments at our Academy at present: Law Department, Accounting Department, Finance Department and Tax Militia Department.

Many young people prefer to combine studies with work for various reasons. They are admitted to the Institute extra-mural depart�ment.

Finance Statistics, Accounting, Economics and Management of Enterprises, Enterprise Business, Labour Resources, Marketing, Computer Information System, International Relations, Taxation, Insurance.

The instructors and professors of our Academy take into account the experience of West countries in the field of training specialists at the Universities of the USA, Germany.

Comments

1. to be founded � ��

2. peat � ��

3. to chart � ��, �� (�� )

4. to run � ��, ��;

to run a business � �� ;

to run a factory � �� ;

to run an enterprise � ��

5. hostel accommodation � ��

6. have free access � ��

7. a curriculum � ��

8. to take into account � ��

II. Find the English in the right-hand column for the following

1. �� 1. commodity and market relations

2. � �� 2. accounting and statistics

3. �� 3. in the field of industry and trade

4. �� 4. higher educational establish�ment

5. �� 5. various branches

6. ��-�� 6. finance and banking system

7. �� 7. international relations

8. �� 8. management of enterprises

9. �� 9. to take into account

10. �� 10. labour resources

11. �� 11. computing center

12. �� 12. acurriculum of economic subjects

13. �� 13. overwhelming majority

14. �� 14. to keep up with progress

III. Complete the following sentences

IV. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary

V. Translate the following sentences into English

1. �� . �� . 2. ̳� �� . �� . 3. �� .

VI. Answer the following questions

VII. Speak about State TAX Service Academy

VIII. Learn the dialogue by heart

L.: Hello, Peter? Where to?

P.: To the Library.

L.: Is the library open till late in the evening.

P.: Oh, yes. I believe it�s open till half past nine. But I never stay at the library so long. I usually read some books and journals, make notes and look through newspapers and magazines.

L.: What about your English Lessons?

P.: I generally do them at home as I have all the necessary books and text books.

L.: What classes are you going to have today?

P.: Today we have a lecture in political economy, a seminar in economic history and an English class.

L.: And how many examinations are you going to have at the end of this term?

P.: We are going to have three examinations: in mathematics, economic history and political economy, and two credit-test: in English and computers.

L.: What is a credit-test? Isn�t it the same as an examination?

P.: No,it isn�t quite the same in form, and we don�t get any marks for credit-tests.

L.: Oh, sorry, Peter. Here is my bus. See you tomorrow. Bye-bye!

P.: Bye-bye!

Grammar Exercises

2. They invited you and ... to the party.

3. Very few could do it faster than ... .

4. This book was intended for you and ... .

5. My friend, ... are mistaken.

6. They came to see ... .

7. She told ... about her life.

8. When we make mistakes, our teacher corrects ... .

9. It takes ... only 10 minutes to go home.

II. Fill in the blanks with proper possessive pronouns

1. She has come to see ... mother.

2. Put on ... coat and go for a walk.

3. Tell him not to forget ... note-book.

4. If they inquire about me, tell ... that I am well.

5. Economics, like any other social science, has ... own vocabulary .

6. Students work hard to perfect ... language.

7. She has no children of ... own.

8. A friend of ... told me this.

9. The dog broke ... leg.

III. Translate into English using personal and possessive pronouns in the appropriate form

IV. Fill in the blanks with some or any

V. Translate into Ukrainian:

VI. Choose the proper word:

1. It gives me ... pleasure to see you again. (much, many)

2. How ... English lessons have you a week? (much, many)

3. He can read English ... . (a little, a few)

4. Let him think ... .(few, little)

5. There is ... hope to get the railway station in time.

6. Did you have ... difficulties in translating this article? (much, many)

7. There was ... snow last winter. (much, many)

8. The students work ... during examination session. (much, many )

VII. Use �many� and �much� instead of expressions such as lots of ... , a lot of ... , a great deal of ... , plenty of ...

VIII. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives

Old, bad, cold, yellow, loud, clean, large, comfortable, practical, modern, good, small, careful, interesting, difficult, weak, important, easy, fat, low.

IX. Put the adjectives in brackets into the required degrees of comparison

X. Compare the objects according to the given example

Example: A lemon � an apple (sour).

A lemon is sourer than an apple.

An apple is not so sour as a lemon.

An apple is not as sour as a lemon.

XI. Write the sentences of your own with the most frequency used comparisons

Patterns:

as easy as: The teacher says that to learn to swim is as easy as ABC.

as hungry as: He comes from school as hungry as hunter.

as white as snow, as hot as fire, as clear as day, as green as grass, as cold as ice.

XII. Memorize these proverbs with comparison and find Ukrainian equivalents

1. The devil is not so black as he is.

2. East or west home is the best.

3. Better a glorious death than a shameful life.

4. Better late than never.

5. Four eyes see more than two.

XIII. Fill in the blanks with �every� and �each�. Remember that �each� may be the subject, an object, or an attribute while �every� may only be an attribute

3. Topic: We study a foreign language; Grammar: Modal verbs

Grammar: modal verbs

I. Read the following words

Foreign, language, German, during, century, Danish, influence, Norman, Latin, reason, interesting, politics, science, learning, native, tongue, flexible, knowledge, ancient, occupy, period, conquer, servant, pronunciation, throughout, impose, commence, desire.

II.Read and translate the following text We study a foreign language

The students of our Institute study one of four foreign languages. I studied English at school so I�m going to perfect it at the Institute. But my friend Galina studies German, and Natasha studies French.

The total number of languages in the world is about 5000. The most widespread languages are Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian and others. These languages are alive, i.e. they are in use. In addition to these, there are �dead� languages which are no more means of communication. There are old Greek, Latin, Old Slavonic. There is also a number of artificial or universal or world languages. The world-known artificial language is Esperanto. There are also programming languages that are used in computers. These are specialized languages.

English is one of the richest languages and spoken practically all over the world. But the language itself has a long history of development.

The ancient inhabitants of Great Britain were the Celts. The language then was not like the English of today. Only a few their words remained in the language now, spoken by the English people. Then G.B. was occupied by the Romans. The Roman period of British history lasted 465 years. The Romans brought a few Roman words into the English: Street, Lincoln, Doncaster and some other names. Then the Saxons came and settled down in the land they conquered. These Germans were the founders of the English nation. By and by came other Germanic tribes who settled on different parts of the coast. Among these tribes were people called the Angles. When the Angles and Saxons grew into one, they were called Anglo-Saxons or Angles (English). The general name they gave to the country in which they had settled was England. The Saxons as well as the Angles called their speech English.

The Normanns came then. Though the Normanns became the masters of England and the Saxon became their servants, the Saxons didn�t want to speak their language and the Normanns had to learn English to make the English people understand their orders. In this way Anglo-Saxons� changed a little by the Normanns became real English language of the future, and that�s why the pronunciation of English words differs so much from their spelling.

Now English is the mother tongue throughout the continent of North America (the USA and Canada) in the British Isles, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

For a long time English was the most important of the languages of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania. English was imposed of the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. With the growth of national liberation movement most of the former British colonies have gained their independence. With the end of the British Empire, English, however, has not lost it�s dominant position in the former colonies.

English is also the international language of commerce. It is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organisation. English is studied as a foreign language in our secondary and higher schools. I am a first year student of State TAX Service Academy . I study English. It is one of my favourite subjects.

At our English lessons we learn to speak English. We study pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

I can understand spoken English all right, but I find it difficult to speak. My great desire is to have a good knowledge of English & to speak English fluently: I�d like to visit G.B. too.

Comments

1. The total number � ��

2. the most widespread languages � ��

3. alive � ��

4. in addition � ��

5. all over the world � � �� syn. throughout the world

6. the ancient inhabitants � ��

7. to occupy � ��

8. to settle down � ��

9. to conquer � ��

10. that�s why � ��

11. to differ from � ��

12. spelling � ��

13. to impose � ��

14. as the only means of communication � ��

15. liberation movement � ��

16. to gain one�s independence � ��

17. to speak fluently � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian in the right-hand column for the following

1. to perfect a language 1. ��

2. the total number of languages 2. ��

3. means of communication 3. ��

4. the world-known artificial language ��

5. practically all over the world 4. ��

6. to bring into (��)

7. the founders of the English nation 5. ��

8. to grow into 6. �� , ��, ��

9. the masters and the servants 7. ��

10. in this way 8. ��

11. the pronunciation differs from the 9. ��

spelling 10. ��

12. the growth of national liberation 11. ��

movement ��

12. ��

13. the international language of 13. ��

commerce 14. �� -��

14. the former colonies ��

15. to study pronunciation, vocabulary 15.��

and grammar

IV. Complete the following sentences

1. The total number of languages in the world is ... . 2. The most widespread languages are ... . 3. The world-known artificial language is ... . 4. First G.B. was occupied by the Romans then by ... . 5. The Saxons called their speech ... . 6. The pronunciation of English words differs from their ... . 7. Now English is spoken ... . 8. English is one of five languages used ... . 9. English is studied as a foreign language in our ... . 10. At our English lessons we study ... .

V. Say if it is right

1. There are alive and dead languages. 2. English is spoken on the American continent only. 3. Chinese is the most wide-spread language. 4. The ancient inhabitants of G.B. were Angles and Saxons. 5. The Roman period lasted 465 years. 6. Germanic tribes were the founders of the English nation. 7. The English people made the Normanns learn their language. 8. English was imposed on the people in the colonial countries. 9. English has not lost its dominant position in the former colonies. 10. English is the international language of commerce and one of five languages used in the United Nations Organisation.

VI. Fill in the prepositions

1. The total number ... languages ... the world is ... 5000. 2. There is also a number ... artificial or universal languages. 3. English is one ... the richest languages and spoken practically all ... the world. 4. The Romans brought a few Roman words ... the English. 5. English was imposed ... the enslaved nations as the only means ... communication.

VII. Answer the following questions

1. What languages do our students study?

2. What is the total number of languages in the world?

3. What are the most widespread languages?

4. What is a �dead� language?

5. What �dead� languages do you know?

6. Where are programming languages used?

7. Who were the ancient inhabitants of G.B.?

8. Who was G.B. occupied by?

9. What did the Romans bring into English?

10. Who were the founders of the English nation?

11. Who named the country England?

12. Why did the Normanns have to learn English?

13. What countries is English spoken in?

14. Is English spoken in the former colonies?

15. What fields is English used?

16. Is it studied in this country?

17. What do you do at your English lessons?

VIII. Speak on the text �We study a foreign language� Grammar Modal verb can (could) I. Read and translate

1. Jack can run for two hours without a rest. 2. Ann can give you good advice. 3. Ann can speak three languages. 4. You can address the teacher and ask him about his problem. 5. It is raining. You can take my raincoat. 6. Can I help you? 7. Can I ask a question? 8. He can�t be an accountant, he can�t add up.

II. Make these sentences (a) interrogative, (b) negative

Patterns: It can be raining today.

Can it be raining today?

It cannot be raining today.

1. He can speak English quite well. 2. It can type this letter for you. 3. She can read English book now. 4. They can do it for you today. 5. We can speak English a little. 6. It can be paid in dollars. 7. It can be cold today. 8. We could offer you advertising materials.

III. Read and memorize

1. Can I reserve a ticket for the 6th of April? 2. Could you tell me how to get to the Ukrainian Institute for Economics and Finance? 3. Can I book a single room from now until Monday? 4. Where can I book a ticket for a train? 5. Where can I exchange money? 6. Can I take a message? 7. Can I speak to Mr. Smith? 8. Could you ask him to call me? 9.We can�t speak about it over the phone. 10. We can sign the contract tomorrow. 11. Can you reduce the time of delivery? 12. Could you speak up the delivery? 13. Could you reduce the price? 14. We can�t allow this situation to continue.

IV. Translate into English from Ukrainian

Pattern: �� , �� .

Emily can�t have said it.

1. �� , �� .

2. �� , �� .

3. �� , �� .

4. �� , �� ˳�� .

V. Translate into Ukrainian (to be able to)

1. I shall be able to go skiing next weekend. 2. You are able to go swimming. 3. We�ll be able to help you next week. 4. She was able to go to her friend�s place. Will you be able to get there in time?

Modal verb may (might) VI. Read and translate

1. You may go with me. 2. May i sit here. 3. You may ring me up if you need my help. 4. You may open the window if it is hot. 5. You may not smoke here. 6. You may not take the book home. 7. Ann may have taken little money with her. 8. Jack may have been in Kyiv on the 1st of May. 9. You may take a biscuit.

VII. Give short affirmative and negative answers

1. May I come in? 2. May I go out? 3. May I have a cup of coffee? 4. May I speak to you now? 5. May I smoke here? 6. May we take this opportunity to congratulate you on your appointment?

VIII. Use �might� in these sentences

1. The weather was fine, the children (walk) in the park. 2. If he (answer) the last question more correctly, he (pass). 3. If you (send) the parcel by air, it (arrive) a week slower than it did.

IX. Memorize the proverbs

1. You may break the body, but you cannot break the spirit. 2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 3. One false move may lose game.

Modal verb must, need X. Read and translate into Ukrainian

1. You must work systematically. 2. He must be attentive at the lessons. 3. You have worked hard all day, you must be tired. 4. He must be waiting for you already. 5. Must I pay in advance? 6. You must pay extra.

XI. Read the following dialogue. Pay special attention in the use of �must�, �mustn�t� and �needn�t�

Nick: We are having a meeting at the Institute, Mary. Will you come?

Mary: Thanks. I�d like to come but I have lectures in the afternoon. Must I come at 4 o�clock?

Nick: Oh no, you needn�t come at four, you mustn�t be too late on all the best cakes will be eaten.

Mary: But I must go home first to put on another frock.

Nick: Oh, you needn�t do that. You will be late if you do. The frock you are wearing is very nice.

Mary: Oh, yes, I must change my frock, but you needn�t worry, I shan�t be very late, I�ll be there by half past four.

Have to XII. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative

1. Students often have to work at the laboratory after classes. 2. To� ny had to take entrance exams in August. 3. You will have to come here twice a week. 4. She had to spend a lot of money on books. 5. They had to stay there for a long time. 6. Ann always has to get up early. 7. He has to work hard at his pronunciation. 8. Lucy has to help her little brother and sister to prepare their lessons. 9. You will have to join some sports society. 10. She has to clean the flat herself.

XIII. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences by inserting �must� on the present, past or future forms of �have to�

1. The buses were too full, I ... get a taxi. 2. Railway notice: Passengers ... be in possession of a ticket. 3. You ... read this book. It�s really excellent. 4. She felt ill and ... leave early. 5. Tell them that they ... be here by six. I insist on it.

To be to XIV. Translate into Ukrainian

1. I am to make report next week. 2. We were to meet our friends at the station. 3. The students are to come for the consultation at 3. 4. He is to make his report at next seminar.

XV. Practice the following according to the model

What were your instructions about phoning Bill? I was to phone him at 6.00.

What were your instructions about ... 1. Reporting? 2. Posting the documents? 3. Meeting George? 4. Contacting Willy? 5. Learning?

Should, Ought to XVI. Translate the sentences

1. They ought to pay us the money they owe. 2. We ought to meet and discuss the forms of cancelling our agreement. 3. He should visit Head office. 4. It should be a nice day tomorrow. 5. You should be more careful. 6. They were taught to solve such problems, so they ought to know how to do it.

XVII. Put �can�, �may�, �must�, �should�, �ought to�, �have to�, �be to�, �be able to� (or negative forms) and �needn�t� in the spaces

1. If you don�t know the meaning of the word you ... use a dictionary. 2. Years ago I ... swim well. 3. ... you help me with my homework? Yes, I ... . 4. You ... see the new musical on Broadway. 5. The matter ... be discussed in tomorrow�s debate. 6. They ... do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 7. He�s tired. He ... work hard. 8. You ... keep that book. It doesn�t belong to you. 9. ... I get a visa? 10. Do I ... to fill a lot of forms? 11. She was feeling unwell yesterday; she have gone to the Institute. 12. I�ll ... to go to the supermarket. 13. ... you pass the cheese?

XVIII. Translate into English from Ukrainian

1. �� ? ͳ. 2. �� ? 3. ��, ��, �� , �� . 4. �� . 5. �� . 6. ��, �� . 7. ��, �� . 8. �� . 9. �� ? ͳ, �� . ��, ��, �� . 10. �� . 11. �� , �� . 12. �� . �� .

3. Topic: We study a foreign language; Grammar: Modal verbs

Grammar: modal verbs

I. Read the following words

II.Read and translate the following text We study a foreign language

English is one of the richest languages and spoken practically all over the world. But the language itself has a long history of development.

Now English is the mother tongue throughout the continent of North America (the USA and Canada) in the British Isles, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.

At our English lessons we learn to speak English. We study pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

I can understand spoken English all right, but I find it difficult to speak. My great desire is to have a good knowledge of English & to speak English fluently: I�d like to visit G.B. too.

Comments

1. The total number � ��

2. the most widespread languages � ��

3. alive � ��

4. in addition � ��

5. all over the world � � �� syn. throughout the world

6. the ancient inhabitants � ��

7. to occupy � ��

8. to settle down � ��

9. to conquer � ��

10. that�s why � ��

11. to differ from � ��

12. spelling � ��

13. to impose � ��

14. as the only means of communication � ��

15. liberation movement � ��

16. to gain one�s independence � ��

17. to speak fluently � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian in the right-hand column for the following

1. to perfect a language 1. ��

2. the total number of languages 2. ��

3. means of communication 3. ��

4. the world-known artificial language ��

5. practically all over the world 4. ��

6. to bring into (��)

7. the founders of the English nation 5. ��

8. to grow into 6. �� , ��, ��

9. the masters and the servants 7. ��

10. in this way 8. ��

11. the pronunciation differs from the 9. ��

spelling 10. ��

12. the growth of national liberation 11. ��

movement ��

12. ��

13. the international language of 13. ��

commerce 14. �� -��

14. the former colonies ��

15. to study pronunciation, vocabulary 15.��

and grammar

IV. Complete the following sentences

V. Say if it is right

VI. Fill in the prepositions

VII. Answer the following questions

1. What languages do our students study?

2. What is the total number of languages in the world?

3. What are the most widespread languages?

4. What is a �dead� language?

5. What �dead� languages do you know?

6. Where are programming languages used?

7. Who were the ancient inhabitants of G.B.?

8. Who was G.B. occupied by?

9. What did the Romans bring into English?

10. Who were the founders of the English nation?

11. Who named the country England?

12. Why did the Normanns have to learn English?

13. What countries is English spoken in?

14. Is English spoken in the former colonies?

15. What fields is English used?

16. Is it studied in this country?

17. What do you do at your English lessons?

VIII. Speak on the text �We study a foreign language� Grammar Modal verb can (could) I. Read and translate

II. Make these sentences (a) interrogative, (b) negative

Patterns: It can be raining today.

Can it be raining today?

It cannot be raining today.

III. Read and memorize

IV. Translate into English from Ukrainian

Pattern: �� , �� .

Emily can�t have said it.

1. �� , �� .

2. �� , �� .

3. �� , �� .

4. �� , �� ˳�� .

V. Translate into Ukrainian (to be able to)

Modal verb may (might) VI. Read and translate

VII. Give short affirmative and negative answers

1. May I come in? 2. May I go out? 3. May I have a cup of coffee? 4. May I speak to you now? 5. May I smoke here? 6. May we take this opportunity to congratulate you on your appointment?

VIII. Use �might� in these sentences

1. The weather was fine, the children (walk) in the park. 2. If he (answer) the last question more correctly, he (pass). 3. If you (send) the parcel by air, it (arrive) a week slower than it did.

IX. Memorize the proverbs

1. You may break the body, but you cannot break the spirit. 2. A fool may ask more questions than a wise man can answer. 3. One false move may lose game.

Modal verb must, need X. Read and translate into Ukrainian

XI. Read the following dialogue. Pay special attention in the use of �must�, �mustn�t� and �needn�t�

Nick: We are having a meeting at the Institute, Mary. Will you come?

Mary: Thanks. I�d like to come but I have lectures in the afternoon. Must I come at 4 o�clock?

Nick: Oh no, you needn�t come at four, you mustn�t be too late on all the best cakes will be eaten.

Mary: But I must go home first to put on another frock.

Nick: Oh, you needn�t do that. You will be late if you do. The frock you are wearing is very nice.

Mary: Oh, yes, I must change my frock, but you needn�t worry, I shan�t be very late, I�ll be there by half past four.

Have to XII. Change the following sentences into the negative and interrogative

XIII. Fill in the spaces in the following sentences by inserting �must� on the present, past or future forms of �have to�

To be to XIV. Translate into Ukrainian

1. I am to make report next week. 2. We were to meet our friends at the station. 3. The students are to come for the consultation at 3. 4. He is to make his report at next seminar.

XV. Practice the following according to the model

What were your instructions about phoning Bill? I was to phone him at 6.00.

What were your instructions about ... 1. Reporting? 2. Posting the documents? 3. Meeting George? 4. Contacting Willy? 5. Learning?

Should, Ought to XVI. Translate the sentences

XVII. Put �can�, �may�, �must�, �should�, �ought to�, �have to�, �be to�, �be able to� (or negative forms) and �needn�t� in the spaces

XVIII. Translate into English from Ukrainian

4. Topic: Higher education in Ukraine; Grammar: Indefinite tenses (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Grammar: Indefinite tenses (The Present Indefinite Tense)

I. Read the following words

Recognize, prepare, realize, human, potential, enrich, society, various, technology, economics, specialized, scientific, knowledge, research, bureau, excellent, facilities, industry, agriculture, exist, include , receive, accommodation, extra-mural.

II. Read and translate the following text: Higher education in Ukraine

Higher education is generally recognized as preparing individuals to realize more fully their human potential, enrich their understanding of life and make them more productive to society.

Future specialists in various fields of science, technology, economies and art get a fundamental general and specialized training, all students regardless of their specialty study foreign languages.

Apart from educational work and schooling Ukrainian higher schools carry out a great deal of scientific work in all branches of knowledge. They have either a students� research Society (Club) or a Technological Design Bureau which provide excellent facilities for young researches.

Our country needs specialists in all fields of science and all branches of industry and agriculture. Institutes exist not only in big cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, but in many towns of Ukraine like Irpin.

Higher educational establishments of our country fall into three main types. The first type includes the universities and institutes where there are only full-time students, which receive state grants. Students who do not live at home get accommodation in the hostels.

The second and third types of higher schools provide educational facilities for factory and office workers who combine work with studies. The second type of higher education in establishments includes evening faculties and evening higher schools for those who study in their spare time.

The third type covers extra-mural higher schools where students take correspondence courses. Every year extra-mural students receive from 30 to 40 days� leave to prepare for their exams.

The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes and universities.

The period of study at higher schools is from 4 to 6 years. According to the subjects studied there exist three groups of higher schools� universities, polytechnic and specialized institutes.

Comments

1. to realize more fully their human potential � ��

2. to enrich their understanding of life � ��

3. in various fields � � ��

4. regardless of � ��

5. apart from � ��

6. a great deal of scientific work � ��

7. to provide excellent facilities � ��

8. higher educational establishment � ��

9. full-time students � ��

10. to receive state grants � ��

11. to combine work with studies � ��

12. to take correspondence courses � ��

13. to receive a leave � ��

14. according to � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right � hand column for the following

1. human potential 1. ��

2. to get a fundamental general 2. ��

and specialized training

3. in all branches of knowledge 3. ��

4. higher educational establishment 4. ��

5. to fall into 5. ��

6. to get accommodation in the hostel 6. ��

7. office workers 7. ��

8. spare time 8. ��

9. extra - mural higher schools 9. ��

10. to have the same value 10. � ��

11. to exist 11. ��

� ��

12. apart from 12. ��

IV.Use the words and word combinations given in Ex. III in the sentences of your own V.Complete the following sentences

1. All students regardless of their speciality study ... . 2. Ukrainian higher schools carry out a great deal of ... . 3. Higher educational establishments of our country fall into ... . 4. Students who do not live at home get ... . 5. Extra - mural students receive from 30 to 40 days� ... . 6. According to the subjects studied there exist ... .

VI. Fill in the blanks with the words given below

1. Future specialists in various fields of science, technology, economies and art get a fundamental ... and ... training. 2. Ukrainian higher schools ... a great deal of scientific work in all branches of knowledge. 3. Higher educational establishments of our country ... three main types. 4. The first type includes the universities and institutes where there are only ... ... which receive state grants. 5. Evening schools are for those who study in their ... time. 6. The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have ... ... as the diplomas of all other institutes or universities.

the same value, spare, full-time students, to fall into, to carry out, general, specialized.

VII. Translate the following sentences into English

1. � �� 쳿 �� (��) ��. 2. �� , �� 쳿 �� . 3. �� 쳿 �� . 4. �� . 5. �� , �� . 6. �� 4 �� 6 ��.

VIII. Answer the following questions:

1. Does higher education help to develop your human potential and enrich your understanding of life? 2. What training do the future specialists get? 3. What can you say about the role of foreign languages in gaining higher education? 4. What is the role of scientific work in training future specialists? 5. What specialists does our country need? 6. Where do institutes and universities exist in our country? 7. How many types of higher educational establishments so we have in our country? 8. What higher schools does the first type include? 9. Which is the second type? 10. What schools does the third type cover? 11. What do extra-mural students receive every year?12.Is there any difference between the diplomas by the evening faculties, extra- mural schools and full-time schools? 13. How long does the period of studies at higher schools last? 14. What groups of higher schools exist?

IX. Speak on the text of Unit 4 Grammar The present indefinite tense The verb �to do�: general questions, disjunction questions, special questions I. Make these sentences interrogative and negative

1. They listen to the news in the evening. 2. He spends all his money on books. 3. Mother wakes me up at seven o�clock in the morning. 4. In summer we swim in the lake every day. 5. My friend teaches at the University. 6. I take a long walk every day. 7. She gets on well with her friends. 8. My parents want to buy new furniture. 9. She cuts her hair every month. 10. The old woman feels very cold. 11. Our father works in an office and comes home for lunch. 12. Our director signs many papers every day. 13. The children play all the morning and sleep in the afternoon. 14. His brothers work hard all day, and want to rest in the evening. 15. The postman bring letters three times a day .

II. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite

1. It (to awake) my interest to economics. 2. She always (to get) good marks in English. 3. My studies (to begin) at half past eight. 4. I (to think) economy is a promising field. 5. Hard work usually (to lead) to good success. 6. My working day (to last) six hours. 7. He (to speak) English quite fluently. 8. Everybody (to know) that they (to watch) TV every evening. 9. The swimming bath (to open) at 9.00 and (to close) at 18.30 every day. 10. What time (the banks / close) in Britain? 11. The sun (to rise) in the East. 12. Bad students never (to work) hard. 13. It often (to snow) in winter. 14. She (to say), she (to hear) nothing. 15. My friend (to go) there nearly every week.

III. Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs into the correct form

Brian: I need to speak to Gina about this new publicity brochure. (you / know) where she is?

Diana: She � (not/work) on Fridays. She only � (have) a part-time job now.

Brian: Right. When � (she/come) to the office?

Diana: Well, she � (come) in from Monday to Thursday, but she � (not/stay) all day. She usually � (start) at 9.00 and � (go) home at about 2.15.

IV. Put the words (underlined) into the Singular and make other changes if necessary

1. They know the town well and can show you the way to the theatre. 2. My friends live in Kyiv, they study at the University. 3. Do these boys go to school in the morning or in the afternoon? 4. They want to buy some English books which they need for their work. 5. These girls sing well but they cannot play the piano. 6. Housewives work very much at home. 7. Two of my friends work at this plant, they are engineers. 8. These little girls like when their brothers play with them. 9. Children spend a lot of time out-of-doors. 10. My cousins have families of their own. 11. My sisters have breakfast at 8 o�clock and then they go to school. They return home only at 2 o�clock in the afternoon. 12. They go to the library twice a month. 13. Their teachers tell them that they make many mistakes because they are not attentive at the lessons. 14. They go to work by bus and return home on foot.15. Two of my sisters are married, their husbands are workers.

V. Translate the following sentences

1. �� , �� , �� . 2. �� , �� . 3. �� 4. � �� . 5. �� ? 6. ̳� �� . ³� �� . 7. �� , �� . 8. �� . 9. �� , � �� . 10. � �� . 11. � �� . � �� . 12. �� . 13. � �� . 14. �� . 15. � �� , �� .

IV. Memorize the following proverbs. Pay attention to the verbs in the Present Indefinite

1. The dogs bark, but the caravan goes on. 2. A new broom sweeps clean. 3. Barking dogs do not bite. 4. All well that ends well. 5. Health is above wealth. 6. Great ship asks deep water. 7. Evil chance seldom comes alone. 8. Every shoe fits every foot.

VII. Define the meaning of the verb �to do� in the following sentences

1. One must do one�s duty. 2. She does her homework in the evening. 4. I do not speak English well. 5. Don�t do it. It�s dangerous. 6. He does know how to translate this sentence. 7. Don�t be noisy. 8. I have done some shopping.

VIII. Translate into Ukrainian

1. What are you going to do on Sunday? 2. Try to do your home assignments properly. 3. Does he do many mistakes when he speaks English? 4. How many magazines did you take from the library? 5. We tried and did our best to Economy as a social science does explain the laws which regulate the production and distribution of material wealth in human society.

IX. Insert the auxiliary verbs in general questions

1.... you like your future speciality?

2.... he take the shortest way to the University?

3.... they work five days a week?

4.... he teach English?

5.... our Institute train specialists for various branches of economics

6.... you listen to the news in the evening?

7.... you read newspapers in the morning or in the evening?

8.... it often rain in summer?

9.... you go in for sports?

X. Compete these sentences with a tail-questions as in the pattern:

Pattern: You are a student, aren�t you?

You study at the Institute, don�t you?

1. It�s time for breakfast, ...? 2. He reads English books, ...? 3. They do not miss English Lessons, ...? 4. You don�t mind my smoking here, ...? 5. You are ready, ...? 6. They are industrious students, ...? 7. They learn many subjects, ...? 8. They work in the laboratory every day, ...? 9. She speaks English fluently, ...?

XI. Put special questions to underlined words

1. This artist draws very good pictures. 2. The students of our group know English well. 3. About four thousand students study at our Institute. 4. My sister winds up her watch in the morning. 5. We know this young man. 6. My brother can drive a car. 7. The results of the competition are good. 8. He is a doctor. 9. I go to the cinema once a month. 10. I have my breakfast at half past seven.

4. Topic: Higher education in Ukraine; Grammar: Indefinite tenses (The Present Indefinite Tense)

Grammar: Indefinite tenses (The Present Indefinite Tense)

I. Read the following words

II. Read and translate the following text: Higher education in Ukraine

Higher education is generally recognized as preparing individuals to realize more fully their human potential, enrich their understanding of life and make them more productive to society.

Future specialists in various fields of science, technology, economies and art get a fundamental general and specialized training, all students regardless of their specialty study foreign languages.

The third type covers extra-mural higher schools where students take correspondence courses. Every year extra-mural students receive from 30 to 40 days� leave to prepare for their exams.

The diplomas by the evening faculties and extra-mural higher schools have the same value as the diplomas of all other institutes and universities.

The period of study at higher schools is from 4 to 6 years. According to the subjects studied there exist three groups of higher schools� universities, polytechnic and specialized institutes.

Comments

1. to realize more fully their human potential � ��

2. to enrich their understanding of life � ��

3. in various fields � � ��

4. regardless of � ��

5. apart from � ��

6. a great deal of scientific work � ��

7. to provide excellent facilities � ��

8. higher educational establishment � ��

9. full-time students � ��

10. to receive state grants � ��

11. to combine work with studies � ��

12. to take correspondence courses � ��

13. to receive a leave � ��

14. according to � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right � hand column for the following

1. human potential 1. ��

2. to get a fundamental general 2. ��

and specialized training

3. in all branches of knowledge 3. ��

4. higher educational establishment 4. ��

5. to fall into 5. ��

6. to get accommodation in the hostel 6. ��

7. office workers 7. ��

8. spare time 8. ��

9. extra - mural higher schools 9. ��

10. to have the same value 10. � ��

11. to exist 11. ��

� ��

12. apart from 12. ��

IV.Use the words and word combinations given in Ex. III in the sentences of your own V.Complete the following sentences

VI. Fill in the blanks with the words given below

the same value, spare, full-time students, to fall into, to carry out, general, specialized.

VII. Translate the following sentences into English

1. � �� 쳿 �� (��) ��. 2. �� , �� 쳿 �� . 3. �� 쳿 �� . 4. �� . 5. �� , �� . 6. �� 4 �� 6 ��.

VIII. Answer the following questions:

II. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite

III. Complete the dialogue by putting the verbs into the correct form

Brian: I need to speak to Gina about this new publicity brochure. (you / know) where she is?

Diana: She � (not/work) on Fridays. She only � (have) a part-time job now.

Brian: Right. When � (she/come) to the office?

Diana: Well, she � (come) in from Monday to Thursday, but she � (not/stay) all day. She usually � (start) at 9.00 and � (go) home at about 2.15.

IV. Put the words (underlined) into the Singular and make other changes if necessary

V. Translate the following sentences

IV. Memorize the following proverbs. Pay attention to the verbs in the Present Indefinite

VII. Define the meaning of the verb �to do� in the following sentences

VIII. Translate into Ukrainian

IX. Insert the auxiliary verbs in general questions

1.... you like your future speciality?

2.... he take the shortest way to the University?

3.... they work five days a week?

4.... he teach English?

5.... our Institute train specialists for various branches of economics

6.... you listen to the news in the evening?

7.... you read newspapers in the morning or in the evening?

8.... it often rain in summer?

9.... you go in for sports?

X. Compete these sentences with a tail-questions as in the pattern:

Pattern: You are a student, aren�t you?

You study at the Institute, don�t you?

XI. Put special questions to underlined words

5. Topic: Higher education in Great Britain; Grammar: The Past Indefinite Tense

Grammar: The Past Indefinite Tense

I. Read the following words

Generally, considerable, amount, equivalent, experienced, expansion , enjoy, autonomous, responsible, regulations, governing, similarities, Oxford, Cambridge, various, faculty, degree, course, lectures, tutorials , feature, mainly, medicine, broad, range, academic, vocational, humanities , science, technology, government, encourage, choose, require, comparable , tuition, maintenance.

II. Read and translate the following text: Higher education in Great Britain

When higher education of Great Britain is being spoken about the University education is generally meant. But in fact there is a considerable amount of past-school education, including part-time as well as full-time studies carried on in technical colleges teacher training colleges, art colleges, institutes of adult education and so on.

Higher education, consisting of degree and equivalent courses, has experienced a dramatic expansion. The number of higher education students in Britain almost doubled between 1979 and 1993 to 1.5 million, so that today around 30 percent of young people enter full-time higher education.

There are some 90 universities, which enjoy academic freedom. Every University is autonomous and responsible to its governing body. The regulations differ from University to University. While there are similarities between them, they all differ from Oxford and Cambridge, where are a number of separate colleges, each with their own regulations and courses of studies. The new, so-called �red-brick� Universities are divided into various faculties: Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, etc.

University degree courses are generally being taken for three, four or even five years. University teaching combines lectures practical classes and small group teaching in either seminars or tutorials. The last is a traditional feature of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

First degree courses are mainly full time and usually last three years, with longer courses in subjects such as medicine. Universities offer courses in a broad range of academic and vocational subjects, including traditional arts subjects, the humanities, and science and technology. The government encourages young people to choose degree courses in subjects, or combinations of subjects, that provide the knowledge and skills required by a technologically advanced economy .

Over 95 percent of students on first degree and comparable higher education courses receive government grants covering tuition and accommodation and other maintenance expenses. Parents also contribute, the amount depending on their income. In addition, students can take out loans to help pay their maintenance costs.

Comments

1. post-school education � ��, ��

2. in fact � ��, ��

3. part-time studies � ��

4. full-time studies � ��

5. as well as � ��, ��

6. to enjoy academic freedom � �� (��) ��

7. to responsible to � ��

8. to take a course � ��

9. a broad range of academic and vocational subjects � ��

10. humanities � ��

11. teacher training college � ��

12. to carry on � ��, ��

13. to provide knowledge � ��

14. to receive government grants � ��

15. maintenance expenses � ��

III. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following

1. a considerable amount of 1. ��

post - school education ��

2. to experience a dramatic expansion 2. ��

3. to enter full-time higher education 3. ��

4. to enjoy academic freedom 4. ��

5. to be responsible to 5. �� , ��

governing body ��

6. degree courses 6. ��

��

7. to combine lectures, 7. ��

practical classes ��

� ��

8. to offer courses 8. ��

��

9. to cover tuition 9. ��

10. comparable higher education 10. ��

courses ��

IV.Use the word combinations given in Ex. III in the sentences of your own V. Complete the following sentences

1. The post-school education is carried on in ... . 2. Higher education, consisting of degree and equivalent courses, has experienced ... . 3. Every University is autonomous and responsible to ... . 4. University teaching combines ... . 5. Universities offer courses in a ... . 6. The government encourages young people to ... . 7. Parents also contribute the amount ... .

VI. Say if it is right

1. Part-time and full-time studies are carried on only at Universities . 2. British higher education consists of degree and equivalent courses. 3. The number of higher education students has increased recently. 4. Every University is autonomous and responsible to its government body. 5. There are great difference between various Universities. 6. University degree are generally being taken for four years. 7. Lectures and practical classes are traditional for teaching at Oxford and Cambridge. 8. First degree courses are both full-time and part-time. 9. Universities offer courses in a broad range of academic and vocational subjects. 10. All students on first degree receive government grant. 11. Students can take out loans to help pay their maintenance costs.

VII. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary

1. There is a demand ... a better and more democratic system ... education ... Great Britain. 2. The students of all the groups are responsible ... their dean. 3. The regulations differ ... university ... university ... Great Britain. 4. Our institute is divided ... various departments. 5. Our university degree courses are taken ... four or five years ... Ukraine. 6. The students were speaking ... their forthcoming exams. 7. Women as well as men have equal rights ... education ... our country.

VIII. Answer the following questions

1. What is the system of higher education in Great Britain? 2. Wha t does higher education consist of? 3. What can you say about the increase of higher education students� number? 4. How many Universities are there in Great Britain at present? 5. Who is every university responsible to? 6. For how many years are university degree courses taken? 7. What does university teaching combine? 8. Where is a traditional feature of Cambridge and Oxford? 9. How many years do first degree courses last? 10. What courses does University offer? 11. Who does the government encourage? 12. Why does the government encourage young people? 13. What do students on first degree receive? 14. What do parents contribute? 15. What can students take out to help pay their maintenance costs?

IX. Speak on the text �Higher education in Great Britain� Grammar The Past Indefinite Tense I. Give the forms of the Past Indefinite:

To write, to drink, to speak, to think, to choose, to prepare, to come, to go, to be, to begin, to exist, to become, to show, to have, to do, to make, to find, to save, to know, to rise, to lie, to live, to strike.

II. Give the Negative and Interrogative forms of the Past Indefinite

1. Bob came home late. 2. She gave them her dictionary. 3. He took a shower. 4. Ann brought me a new magazine. 5. He left for London on Monday. 6. He opened the window before classes. 7. Ann translated a lot of foreign letters last week. 8. I finished work at five o�clock. 9. He lived in Kyiv three years ago. 10. They returned home in the evening. 11. It heavily rained on Sunday. 12. My friend lay in the sun last summer. 13. I played chess with him yesterday. 14. She spoke English fluently. 15. He paid the money yesterday. 16. She remembered every word. 17. She got an excellent mark. 18. My parents met me at the station. 19. You thought he was right. 20. They admired her singing very much.

III. Use the verbs below to complete the sentences. Some of the sentences are positive, some are negative, and some are questions

1. Oh, I�m sorry to disturb you. I ... you had a visitor. 2. ... you ... economics when you were at University? 3. She ... ... because the salary was too low. 4. Last week a number of customers ... about slow service. 5. ... you ... the Acropolis when you were on Greece? 6. I am writing with reference to the order I ... with you last week. 7. At last year�s launch party, who ... you ... to do the catering?

to accept, to complain, to hire, to place, to realize, to study, to visit.

IV. Translate the following sentences into English , using the Past Indefinite Tense

1. � �� . 2. �� ? � �� . 3. �� . 4. �� ? 5. �� . 6. ĳ�� . 7. � �� .

V. Change the following sentences into disjunctive questions

1. They met at the cinema five minutes before the showing began. 2. He took his parents way. 3. They listened to a wonderful concert last night. 4. He didn�t go to the country last summer. 5. He began to work at an early age.

The Future Indefinite Tense VI. Make these sentences negative and interrogative

1. I shall take my examination in English on Monday.

2. He will meet me at the station.

3. They will take a taxi.

4. There will be a concert here today.

5. I shall come home in half an hour.

6. My friend will take a room facing the street.

7. He will be twenty next Sunday.

8. They will enjoy staying here.

VII. Put the following sentences in the Future Tense

1. They came by car. 2. Did you easily find this street? 3. I helped her with her home-reading. 3. He lives on the outskirts of a little town by the sea. 5. Do you study English at the Institute? 6. Where did you buy such a lovely dress? 7. It rains at this time of year. 8. What does your decision depend on?

VIII. Insert the missing conjunctions and comment on the use of tenses in the following sentences (Conjunctions to be used: when, till, before, after, as soon as, while, if)

1. I shall believe it ... I see it. 2. You must wait ... the light changes to green. 3. I shall be ready ... you count ten. 4. He will ring up for the taxi ... you finish packing. 5. I shall tell you a secret ... my brother goes out. 6. We shall be starting immediately ... you finish your dinner. 7. I don�t think he will write ... he arrives. 8. I shall always remember you ... I live. 9. I shall be preparing breakfast ... you are taking a shower. 10. I shall put on my raincoat ... it starts to rain. 11. He�ll tell you ... you ask him. 12. ... you stay in the reading-hall I�ll be working in the laboratory. 13. He will stay here ... you come. 14. ... they show me their homework, I will correct it.

IX. Translate what is given in brackets, using the Present Indefinite or the Future Indefinite

1. You will enjoy yourself if you (�� ). 2. Ask him if he (�� ). 3. We shan�t be able to go out if (�� ). 4. They say (�� ) at night, the clouds are gathering. 5. I don�t know when he (��), the weather is so nasty . 6. Tell him to wait when he (��), I may be late. 7. Tell mother we (�� ), it�s much too far away. 8. Tell mother not to worry if we (�� ), it�s much too far away. 9. I�ll talk to him about it if I (�� ). 10. I�m not sure if I (�� ). 11. She will take the children out for a walk if she (�� ). 12. I don�t know if she (�� ), she has got a lot to do. 13. The rain won�t do him any harm if he (�� ). 14. Ask him if he (�� ), it looks like rain.